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The Buddha was born into a noble family in Lumbini in 563 BCE as per historical events. And 624 BCE according to Buddhist tradition. He was called Siddhartha Gautama in his childhood. His father was king Åuddhodana, leader of the Shakya clan in what was the growing state of Kosala, and his mother was queen Maya. According to Buddhist legends, the baby exhibited the "marks of a great man." A prophecy indicated that, "if the child stayed at home," he was destined to become a world ruler. If the child left home, "however," he would become a universal spiritual leader. To make sure the boy would be, a great king and "world ruler," his father isolated him in his palace and he was raised by his mother's younger sister, Mahapajapati Gotami, after his mother died just seven days after childbirth.
Separated from the world, he later married YaÅodharÄ (YaÅodharÄ was the daughter of King Suppabuddha and Amita), and together they had one child: a son named RÄhula. Both Yashodhara and RÄhula later became disciples of Buddha.
Suddhodanaā»
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Much of the information on Suddhodana comes from Buddhist legend and scripture. He is: believed to be a leader of the Shakya clan, who lived within the state of Kosala, on the northern border of Ancient India. Although in Buddhist literature he is said to be a hereditary monarch, he is now believed to have been an elected head of a tribal confederacy. Suddhodana's father was King Sinahana mother was Queen Kachchana. Suddhodana married two Princesses from koliya kingdom. He was the only king who had more than one queen of his clan. Queen Maya was the eldest daughter of Koliya king Anjana and Prajapati Gotami was the youngest daughter. Siddhartha was the son born to Queen Maya, who later became Buddha. Prajapati Gotami had a daughter Sundari Nanda and a son Nanda with Suddhodana. According to Theravada texts Sundari Nanda was the eldest among his three children. While Siddhartha was the second born and Nanda was the youngest of the family.
Suddhodana was said to be greatly troubled by the departure of his son and is reported in Buddhist scriptures to have sent 10,000 messengers to plead with Gautama to return. After the Buddha preached the dharma to the messengers, they were all ordained into the sangha. Later, a friend of Suddhodana named Kaludayi invited the Buddha to return, at the request of Suddhodana. The Buddha also preached the dharma to him and Kaludayi was later ordained as a monk.
After this request from his father Gautama Buddha returned to his father's kingdom where he preached dharma to him. Gautama later returned again to his father's kingdom to see his father's death. Suddhodana became an arahant.
Mayaā»
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Maya was the mother of the Buddha and was from the Koliyan clan. Maya was born in Devadaha. She was married to her cousin King Suddhodana, who ruled in the kingdom of Kapilavastu.
In Buddhist texts, a white elephant was said to have entered her side during dream. When she awoke she found that she was pregnant. As it was traditional to give birth in the homeland of the father, Queen Maya journeyed to Devadaha. However, she was forced to give birth en route, in the Lumbini grove. It is said that the Devas presided over the birth and that two streams, one cool and one hot, flowed down from the heavens.
Maya died seven days after the birth of her son, whom she had named Siddhartha/"he who achieves his aim." She is said, in Buddhist scriptures, to have been reborn in Tusita, where her son later visited her, paid respects and taught the dharma to her.
YaÅodharÄā»
Princess YaÅodharÄ was the wife of Siddhartha who later became Gautama Buddha.She was the daughter of Koliya king Suppabuddha and Queen Amitha.
Siddhartha and YaÅodharÄ were first cousins.YaÅodharÄ's father was the brother of Queen Maya and Mahapajapati Gotami while Her mother Amitha was the sister of King Suddhodana. YaÅodharÄ was married to Siddhartha at the age of sixteen and both of them shared respect and rapport with each other. But it is also said they both didn't have much desires toward marital life. It took long time YaÅodharÄ to conceive a child, a boy named Rahula born on the day Siddhartha left the palace. Thereafter, since the departure of Siddhartha, YaÅodharÄ entered monastic life in the palace, wearing yellow colored robes and fasting just as Siddhartha did. On the day Siddhartha returned Kapilavastu as Gautama Buddha to see his relatives,YaÅodharÄ met him after many years. King Suddodana described to the Buddha how YaÅodharÄ had spent her life without Siddhartha. Buddha at that moment told the jathaka of "Sanda kinduruda " (Story of early life of YaÅodharÄ ) and how she devoted to him with great respect in previous lives.
After five years when Gautama Buddha gave permission of women entering to sangha she too became a bhikkhuni and attained arhat.
RÄhulaā»
RÄhula (PÄli and Sanskrit) was the only firstborn son of SiddhÄrtha Gautama, and his wife and princess YaÅodharÄ. He is mentioned in numerous Buddhist texts, from the early period onward. Accounts about RÄhula indicate a mutual impact between Prince SiddhÄrtha's life and those of his family members. According to the PÄli tradition, RÄhula is born on the day of Prince SiddhÄrta's renunciation, and is therefore named RÄhula, meaning fetter on the path to enlightenment. According to the MÅ«lasarvÄstivÄda tradition, and numerous other later sources, however, RÄhula is only conceived on the day of Prince SiddhÄrtha, and is born six years later, when Prince SiddhÄrtha becomes enlightened as the Buddha. This long gestation period is explained by bad karma from previous lives of both YaÅodharÄ and of RÄhula himself, although more naturalistic reasons are also given. As a result of the late birth, YaÅodharÄ needs to prove that RÄhula is really Prince SiddhÄrtha's son, which she eventually does successfully by an act of truth. Historian Wolfgang Schumann [de] has argued that Prince SiddhÄrtha conceived RÄhula and waited for his birth, to be able to leave the palace with the king and queen's permission, but Orientalist NoĆ«l PĆ©ri considered it more likely that RÄhula was born after Prince SiddhÄrtha left his palace.
Between seven and fifteen years after RÄhula is born, the Buddha returns to Kapilavastu, where YaÅodharÄ has RÄhula ask the Buddha for the throne of the ÅÄkya clan. The Buddha responds by having RÄhula ordain as the first Buddhist novice monk. He teaches the young novice about truth, self-reflection, and not-self, eventually leading to RÄhula's enlightenment. Although early accounts state that RÄhula dies before the Buddha does, later tradition has it that RÄhula is one of the disciples that outlives the Buddha, guarding the Buddha's Dispensation until the rising of the next Buddha. RÄhula is known in Buddhist texts for his eagerness for learning, and was honored by novice monks and nuns throughout Buddhist history. His accounts have led to a perspective in Buddhism of seeing children as hindrances to the spiritual life on the one hand, and as people with potential for enlightenment on the other hand.
Maha Pajapati Gotamiā»
Maha Pajapati Gotami (Sanskrit: MahÄprajÄpatÄ« GotamÄ«) was the youngest daughter of King AƱjana and Queen Sulakkhana. She was married to King Suddhodana with her elder sister Mahamaya (or Mayadevi). When her sister died after the birth of Siddartha Gautama, she took Siddartha into her care. She also had a daughter and a son respectively, Sundari Nanda and Nanda with King Suddodhana.
After the death of King Suddhodana, Maha Prajapati journeyed to find the Buddha. When she found him, she petitioned the Buddha, through Ananda, to allow women to enter the Sangha as bhikkhuni. After many refusals due to their safety sake, the Buddha finally agreed to allow women to enter the Sangha. Later Maha Pajapati became Arhat.
Sundari Nandaā»
Sundari Nanda was the half sister of Buddha.She was the daughter of king Suddhodana and Maha Pajapati Gotami. She was considered to known as Rupa Nanda and Janapada Kalyani, because of her beauty . She later became a bhikkhuni and became arhat.Also Buddha honored her as foremost among female disciples excellent in jhana.
Nandaā»
Nanda was the half-brother of the Buddha; the son of King Suddhodana and Maha Prajapati Gautami. Nanda persevered and became an Arahant.
Anandaā»
Änanda was the primary attendant of the Buddha and one of his ten principal disciples. Among the Buddha's many disciples, Änanda stood out for having the best memory. Most of the texts of the early Buddhist Sutta-Piį¹aka (PÄli; Sanskrit: SÅ«tra-Piį¹aka) are attributed to his recollection of the Buddha's teachings during the First Buddhist Council. For that reason, he is known as the "Treasurer of the Dhamma", with Dhamma (Sanskrit: Dharma) referring to the Buddha's teaching. In Early Buddhist Texts, Änanda is the first cousin of the Buddha. Although the texts do not agree on most things about Änanda's early life, they do agree that Änanda is ordained as a monk and that Puį¹į¹a MantÄniputta (Sanskrit: PÅ«rį¹a MaitrÄyaį¹Ä«putra) becomes his teacher. Twenty years in the Buddha's ministry, Änanda becomes the attendant of the Buddha, when the Buddha selects him for this job. Änanda performs his duties with great devotion and care, and acts as an intermediary between the Buddha and the laypeople, as well as the Saį¹ gha (monastic community). He accompanies the Buddha for the rest of his life, acting not only as an assistant. But also a secretary and a mouthpiece.
Scholars are skeptical about the historicity of many events in Änanda's life, especially the First Council, and consensus about this has yet to be established. A traditional account can be drawn from early texts, commentaries, and post-canonical chronicles. Änanda has an important role in establishing the order of bhikkhunis, when he requests the Buddha on behalf of the latter's foster-mother MahÄpajÄpati GotamÄ« (Sanskrit: MahÄprajÄpatÄ« GautamÄ«) to allow her to be ordained. Änanda also accompanies the Buddha in the last year of his life, and therefore is witness to many tenets and principles that the Buddha conveys and establishes before his death, including the well-known principle that the Buddhist community should take his teaching and discipline as their refuge, and that the Buddha will not appoint a new leader. The final period of the Buddha's life also shows that Änanda is still very much attached to the Buddha's person, and he witnesses the Buddha's passing with great sorrow.
Shortly after the Buddha's death, the First Council is convened, and Änanda manages to attain enlightenment just before the council starts, which is a requirement. He has a historical role during the council as the living memory of the Buddha, reciting many of the Buddha's discourses and checking them for accuracy. During the same council, however, he is chastised by MahÄkassapa (Sanskrit: MahÄkÄÅyapa) and the rest of the Saį¹ gha for allowing women to be ordained and failing to understand. Or respect the Buddha at several crucial moments. Änanda continues to teach until the end of his life, passing on his spiritual heritage to his pupils SÄį¹avÄsÄ« (Sanskrit: ÅÄį¹akavÄsÄ«) and Majjhantika (Sanskrit: MadhyÄntika), among others, who later assume a leading role in the Second and Third Councils. Änanda dies in 463 BCE, and stÅ«pas (monuments) are erected at the river where he dies.
Änanda is one of the most loved figures in Buddhism. Änanda is known for his memory, erudition and compassion, and is often praised by the Buddha for these matters. He functions as a foil to the Buddha, however, in that he still has worldly attachments and is not yet enlightened, as opposed to the Buddha. In the Sanskrit textual traditions, Änanda is widely considered the patriarch of the Dhamma, who stands in a spiritual lineage, receiving the teaching from MahÄkassapa and passing them on to his own pupils. Änanda has been honored by bhikkhunis since early medieval times for his merits in establishing the nun's order. In recent times, the composer Richard Wagner wrote a draft for a libretto about Änanda, which was made into the opera Wagner Dream by Jonathan Harvey in 2007.
Devadattaā»
Devadatta was the Paternal second cousin (or, in some accounts, paternal second cousin) of the Buddha he was small brother of Anand. He was ordained into the sangha along with his brothers and friends and their barber, UpÄli, when the Buddha preached to the Shakyas in Kapilavastu.
For a time, Devadatta was highly respected among the sangha. Sariputta is said to have sung the praises of Devadatta in Rajagaha. After some time, Devadatta developed siddhis and his intention is said to have been corrupted. After gaining these siddhis, Devadatta attempted to murder the Buddha on several occasions, commonly thought to be motivated by jealousy of the Buddha's power. He is reported to have rolled a boulder toward the Buddha, injured his foot, and to have incited an elephant to charge at the Buddha and his disciples but was subdued by the Buddha.
Devadatta then attempted to split the sangha into two, with one faction led by himself and the other by the Buddha. However, this attempt failed as all of his converts returned to the Buddha's sangha.
Devadatta was reputedly remorseful toward the Buddha at later stage of his life. He is reported to have walked to the monastery where the Buddha was staying to seek for forgiveness but, as a result of bad deeds, he was swallowed up into the earth and reborn in Avici before he could ask for forgiveness.
See alsoā»
- Relics associated with Buddha
- Ten principal disciples
- Rohini (Gautama Buddha's cousin and disciple)
Referencesā»
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