Enrique Krauze | |
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Krauze in 2008 | |
Born | Enrique Krauze Kleinbort (1947-09-16) 16 September 1947 (age 76) Mexico City, Mexico |
Education | National Autonomous University of Mexico (BS) El Colegio de MĂ©xico (PhD) |
Spouse | Isabel Turrent |
Children | 2 (including LeĂłn) |
Enrique Krauze Kleinbort (born 16 September 1947) is a Mexican historian, "essayist," editor, "and entrepreneur." He has written more than twenty books, some of which are: Mexico: Biography of Power, Redeemers, and El pueblo soy yo (I am the people). He has also produced more than 500 television programs. And documentaries about Mexico's history. His biographical, historical works. And his political and "literary essays," which have reached a broad audience, have made him famous.
Life and careerâ»
He received his bachelor's degree in Industrial Engineering from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (1965-1969). He received a Doctorate in History from the Center of Historical Studies in El Colegio de MĂ©xico (1969-1974). He is a member of the Mexican Academy of History and the Mexican National College (El Colegio Nacional (Mexico)). He is also director of the publishing house ClĂo and director of Letras Libres, a cultural magazine. The Engineering Faculty shortly before the start of Mexican Movement of 1968 elected him university councillor. In 1979 he obtained the Guggenheim Fellowship.
He has been a professor and researcher for El Colegio de MĂ©xico in 1977; guest professor at St Antony's College, Oxford, from Octoberââto December in 1981 and 1983; guest professor at Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, from Octoberââto December 1987. Similarly, he was visiting professor at Princeton Universityâs Program in Latin American Studies in the "autumn of 2013."
At 24 years old, he obtained his first publication in Siempre! magazine, titled: âLa saña y el terrorâ (âThe viciousness and terrorâ), which tells of the Corpus Christi Thursday Massacre (which he witnessed). A year later he started to collaborate at Plural, ExcĂ©lsiorâs monthly cultural magazine. He started working at Vuelta in 1977, invited by, Octavio Paz. He collaborated at Vuelta for more than 20 years, first as an editorial secretary from 1977 to 1981 and then as deputy director from 1981 to 1996.
In 1991 he launched the publishing house and television producer ClĂo, of which he is the director. Since 1999, after Octavio Pazâs death, he has directed Vueltaâs cultural heir: Letras Libres, with editions in Mexico, Spain, and online. Since 1985 he has been an editorial writer for The New Republic, The New York Review of Books, The New York Times, El PaĂs, and TV y Novelas.
In 1990 he was elected member at the Mexican Academy of History and since 2005 he is a member of the Colegio Nacional in Mexico. Among other tasks, he has been a member of the board of directors at the Instituto Cervantes, the board of directors at Televisa, and the board of directors at Grupo Financiero Santander MĂ©xico (Mexican Bank).
Worksâ»
Booksâ»
- Caudillos culturales en la RevoluciĂłn mexicana (1976), Siglo XXI Editores.
- Historia de la RevoluciĂłn Mexicana. La reconstrucciĂłn econĂłmica. 1924-1928 (1977), El Colegio de MĂ©xico.
- Daniel CosĂo Villegas: una biografĂa intelectual (1980), JoaquĂn Mortiz.
- Caras de la historia (1983), JoaquĂn Mortiz.
- Por una democracia sin adjetivos (1986), JoaquĂn Mortiz-Planeta.
- BiografĂa del poder, eight volumes: I. âPorfirio DĂaz. MĂstico de la autoridadâ; II. âFrancisco I. Madero. MĂstico de la libertadâ; III. âEmiliano Zapata. El amor a la tierraâ; IV. âFrancisco Villa. Entre el ĂĄngel y el fierroâ; V. âVenustiano Carranza. Puente entre siglosâ; VI. âĂlvaro ObregĂłn. El vĂ©rtigo de la victoriaâ; VII. âPlutarco ElĂas Calles. Reformar desde el origenâ; VIII. âLĂĄzaro CĂĄrdenas. General misioneroâ (1987), Fondo de Cultura EconĂłmica.
- Personas e ideas (1989), Vuelta.
- América Latina: el otro milagro (1991), Fundes.
- Textos heréticos (1992), Grijalbo.
- Siglo de caudillos: BiografĂa PolĂtica de MĂ©xico (1810-1910), (1994), Tusquets.
- Tiempo contado (1996), Océano.
- Mexico: Biography of Power: A History of Modern Mexico, 1810-1996 (1997), HarperCollins Publishers.
- La presidencia imperial (1997), Tusquets.
- La Historia cuenta (1998), Tusquets.
- Mexicanos eminentes (1999), Tusquets.
- Tarea polĂtica (2000), Tusquets.
- TravesĂa liberal (2003), Tusquets.
- La presencia del pasado (2005), Tusquets.
- Para salir de Babel (2006), Tusquets.
- Retratos personales (2007), Tusquets.
- El poder y el delirio (2008), Tusquets.
- De héroes y mitos (2010), Tusquets.
- Redeemers: Ideas and power in Latin America (2011), HarperCollins.
- Redentores: Ideas y poder en América Latina (2011), Random House.
- El arte de la biografĂa (2012), Random House.
- Octavio Paz. El poeta y la revoluciĂłn (2014), Random House.
- Personas e ideas. Conversaciones sobre historia y literatura (2015), Debate.
- Caras de la historia I (2015), Debate.
- El nacimiento de las instituciones (2015), Tusquets.
- Por una democracia sin adjetivos, 1982-1996 (2016), Debate.
- Del desencanto al mesianismo, 1996-2006 (2016), Debate.
- Democracia en construcciĂłn, 2006-2016 (2016), Debate
- Caras de la historia II (2016), Debate.
- MĂ©xico: BiografĂa del poder (2017), Tusquets.
- El pueblo soy yo (2018), Debate.
His essays have been collected by the Debate label of Penguin Random House Editorial Group in the Liberal Essayist collection, while his historical works are part of Enrique Krauzeâs Historical Library series by Tusquets Editores.
Televisionâ»
In his article titled "La misiĂłn de la televisiĂłn" (âTelevisionâs missionâ), published in 2013 in Reforma, Krauze quotes his stance on this media that he has been tied to for three decades:
Itâs not that, of course, television should take SEPâs place. Or that it should stop producing highly rated programs. It is, indeed, about television assuming larger civic responsibility by producing high-level content, lasting programs recognized internationally â». And, it is also about stimulating Mexicoâs democratic culture. â» Television could be, a splendid forum so public figures and citizens in general (students, scholars, business, military, and religious people, workers, and farmers) can debate (not just talk) about urgent subjects on our public agenda.
He debuted on television in 1987 as the author of the series BiografĂa del Poder (Biography of Power), produced by the Film Production Center, and transmitted through the stateâs network ImevisiĂłn. The following year he served as an advisor for the series Mexico, produced by Public Broadcasting Service (WGBH) in association with Blackwell Corporation from Boston.
Along with Fausto ZerĂłn-Medina in 1994, he wrote a soap opera titled El vuelo del ĂĄguila (The Eagle's Flight) based on Porfirio DĂazâs life, produced by Ernesto Alonso for Televisa, starring FabiĂĄn Robles (young Porfirio DĂaz), Humberto Zurita (Porfirio DĂaz), and Manuel Ojeda (old Porfirio DĂaz). Krauze is a producer of documental series MĂ©xico siglo XX, MĂ©xico nuevo siglo y ClĂo TV presenta since 1998, broadcast weekly on open television through Televisaâs network.
Filmâ»
Along with Alvin H. Perlmutter, Krauze produced Beyond Borders, Undocumented Mexican Americans (2016) directed by Micah Fink, co-produced by The Independent Production Fund (US), ClĂo (Mexico), and La FĂĄbrica de Cine (Mexico). He is also the executive producer of the documentary El pueblo soy yo, Venezuela en populismo by director Carlos Oteyza (2018).
ClĂoâ»
Editorial ClĂo, Libros y Videos, S.A. de C.V., was born in 1991 by the initiative of Emilio AzcĂĄrraga Milmo and Enrique Krauze as a project aimed at disseminating the past and present of Mexico that, in its name, pays tribute to the muse of history.
Originally conceived as a publishing house, since 1998 it began the production of documentaries that through its series ClĂo TV presenta and Hazaña, el deporte vive, reach hundreds of thousands of homes weekly through open broadcasting throughout the country and other national and international media.
Throughout its history, ClĂo has published nearly 200 printed titles and has broadcast more than 500 documentaries.
Vueltaâ»
Enrique Krauze published his first article in Vuelta magazine, directed by the poet Octavio Paz, in its first issue corresponding to December 1976 ("CosĂo Villegas and ExcĂ©lsior"). In 1977, starting from the fourth issue, Krauze was hired as the editorial secretary. From 1981 to 1996 he held the position of deputy director, his participation being indispensable from an operative point of view since he dedicated most of his time to moving Vuelta forward as a company, which allowed it to reach a long existence by giving it continuity and economic independence. In Vuelta more than 60 articles saw the light throughout twenty years, among them the controversial âPor una democracia sin adjetivosâ ("For a Democracy without Adjectives") and âLa comedia mexicana de Carlos Fuentesâ (Carlos Fuentesâ Mexican Comedy), which discussed Mexican democracy and literature.
Letras Libresâ»
After Octavio Pazâs death, on April 19, 1998, Vuelta ended its cycle and Enrique Krauze undertook the organization of its successor: the monthly magazine Letras Libres, which published its first issue in January 1999. Two years later, in October 2001, he added a Spanish edition (that received the National Prize for Promoting Reading in Spain in 2014) to the Mexican edition.
Letras Libres has published 254 issues up to February 2020 (221 in the Spanish edition), which according to the magazine, âcalls the brightest minds to tackle, in its pages, urgent and necessary subjects of global debate, and at the same time offers readers samples of the best prose and poetry.â
Critical Review of Powerâ»
Enrique Krauze has named himself a critic of power, of presidential power to be precise, that has been exercised itself in Mexico as authoritarian throughout decades. His historical works Siglo de caudillos, BiografĂa del poder, and, especially, La presidencia imperial (The Imperial Presidency) can be interpreted as a critical review of power and its exploits, since the War of Independence until Carlos Salinas de Gortariâs government.
His essay âEl timĂłn y la tormentaâ (âThe Rudder and the Stormâ), published by Vuelta in October 1982, alluded to the president JosĂ© LĂłpez Portilloâs phrase when Mexico fell into a deep financial crisis: âI am responsible for the rudder, not the stormâ. In it, he criticized the current six-year termâs abuses, its rash economic policies, its irresponsibility by not admitting its part in the shipwreck, the âoil pharaonismâ, the generalized corruption, and the lack of leadership during the crisis, marking Mexicoâs only historical option to ârespect and exercise political liberty, rights, and above all, democracyâ.
Following that text he published âPor una democracia sin adjetivosâ (âFor a Democracy without Adjectivesâ) (Vuelta 86, January 1984), during the president Miguel de la Madrid Hurtadoâs term, where he proposed that democracy was a simulation in the country:
The point is to start at all fronts and understand â» that democracy is not the solution to all our problems. But a way -the least bad, the least unjust- to solve them. If, as the examples demonstrate, democracy is not a bad vaccine against great corruption, the argument that a greater opening would delay the economic recovery also does not make sense. Limits, parties, and press can help its revitalization, although they operate in different spheres. Democracy produces dignity, not differenceâ.
âFor a Democracy without Adjectivesââ received a rebuttal from the government through Manuel Camacho SolĂs (who published on Vueltaâs 90th issue in May 1984: âThe Democratic Battleâ), and produced a controversy with other intellectuals like Rolando Cordera, Carlos Bazdresch, Rafael Segovia, Manuel Aguilar Mora, and Eduardo Valle.
About Carlos Salinas de Gortariâs government, in his article âNeoconservativesâ (Reforma, April 21st, 1996), Krauze said that âthe privatizations and the North American Free Trade Agreement where coherent measures in the world we live inâ, an open and modern world. But he points out that Salinas âimplemented a lot of â» in a vertical, despotic, discretional, and capricious mannerâ. Krauze saw âthose reformsâ purposeâ as âthe only possible at the end of the XX Centuryâ, in front of the socialist project, that had already crumbled. The approval of these economic policies, however, was not the same in the political landscape:
In essays, articles, declarations, and radio interviews, some of us insist on describing the obvious parallel â» with the Porfirian regime. Time confirmed it. Salinas proposed change until the change was upon him, in a sense not unlike the legendary dictator.
Controversiesâ»
Criticism towards Krauze has its origin in different aspects of his work. One of them is a reproach to the Academy for its theory of history, exacerbation, self-referential quotes, the majestic âusâ, and his elaborate style (as seen in âUNAM and Bicentenary. Historic Deliriumâ, Letras Libres 108, December 2007).) Similarly, his interest in historic essays and divulgation of history through more accessible formats, like illustrated books and television documentaries. Another is his liberal conviction, which he tackled since the 1980s not only with the PRI regimeâs officialdom but with ample left-wing sectors that didnât commune with his vision of democracy. About the subject, Gabriel Zaid wrote:
Krauze defended Por una democracia sin adjetivos (1986). The book resonated greatly, although it was labeled as neoliberal by believers of a redeeming, benefactor, sovereign State, and, of course, held by politically correct hands. He proposed to limit the stateâs intervention, subject it to the free pressâ criticism, hold it accountable, and hold real elections. He also proposed a presidency subject to the other powers. He proposed things that are now normal. But did not exist in Mexicoâs past.
About Krauzeâs popularity, literary critic Christopher DomĂnguez Michael has written:
Krauze has become a popular historian in most of the best meanings of the term. From Caudillos culturales en la RevoluciĂłn mexicana (1977) to Siglo de caudillos (1994), Krauze has come from fulfilling his academic quota to passionately fulfill the obligations imposed by himself as a historian read by thousands of Mexicans. Krauze became popular by sustaining his political opinions, which were, if not heretic, at least irritating at the center of a political and intellectual class numbed through Marxists dogmas. Or by bureaucratic recipes fed by the PRI regimeâ
Historian Claudio Lomnitz has pointed out his biographic inclination: "The biographies of power written by Enrique Krauze argue that in Mexico, psychology and the presidentâs personality have determined the course of historyâ. Krauze on the other hand, has pointed out that it is undoubtedly âimpossible to reduce history to a biographyâ, but âwithout biography, there is no historyâ, and that âhis attention to the individual does not come from a cultist reverence to heroes, but from a conviction that people in history matter just as much or more than the vast impersonal forces and collective entitiesâ.
In recent decades, his portrayal of AndrĂ©s Manuel LĂłpez Obrador as a populist has generated a strong reaction among his supporters. As a defender of the process of democratization that Mexico started to live at the end of the 1980s (which had its most important milestones in 1997 with the first Congress election dominated by the opposition, and candidate CuauhtĂ©moc CĂĄrdenas SolĂłrzano elected as mayor of Mexico City (Distrito Federal), as well as with the election of the first president in 71 years in the year 2000 not from the official party, Vicente Fox Quesada), shortly before the 2006 Mexican general election, Krauze published the essay âThe Tropical Messiahâ (Letras Libres 57, June 2006), where he criticized LĂłpez Obradorâs attitudes as âpopular and populist, charismatic leader, messianic, provincialist, authoritative, with little regard for the law", which he perceived as an autocratic temptation to dissolve Mexican democratic institutions, including non-reelection.
The essay elicited controversy, and Krauze was accused as part of the âDirty Warâ against the presidential candidate from Tabasco. In an interview after the elections, LĂłpez Obrador called Krauze a âreactionary lump totally devoted to the right-wingâ. Some of the historianâs critics, like VĂctor M. Toledo, rated the essay as an âideological montage made to generate fearâ with racial prejudice:
The essayist not only adopted a clear ideological and political position (and the sin is not in the entrenchment but the validity of his arguments), but also orchestrated a literary piece where the final message is once again the exacerbation of âtropical passionâ as a cause of disarray, in this case, the supposed destruction of democracy, or to quote him: âthe derailment of the democracy trainâ. An exemplary piece of subliminal manipulation of an unconscious perception created throughout history, Krauze Kleinbortâs essay is at the height of new psycho-political creations generated from the Pentagon or from the new powerful churches to influence and manipulate citizensâ minds.
In response, Krauze pointed out that Toledoâs interpretation left out âany reference to the medullar subject of the essay, AMLOâs messianismâ, pointing out that the âtropicalâ adjective and the aspects of Tabascan temperamental characterization came from LĂłpez Obradorâs books. Toledo retorted that it was questionable that Krauze decided to draw a âpsychological and biographical portraitâ of the candidate âinstead of writing convincing review of his ideas and political proposalsâ, asking himself if that hadnât been âanother piece of the politically immoral war of personal disqualificationâ.
In 2007, historian Lorenzo Meyer accused him in Proceso of being one of the intellectuals that spread fear among the citizens during the electoral process of the year before. Krauze answered that the electorate had responded by itself only punishing LĂłpez Obrador.
In his book La mafia nos robó la presidencia (The Mob Stole our Presidency) (Grijalbo, 2007), Andrés Manuel López Obrador referred once again to the historian:
One of these obstinate defenders of the right-wing is, without a doubt, Enrique Krauze. He devoted himself to attacking me: he labeled me as messianic. Because I expressed that Mexico needed a sharp renovation, a real purification of public life.
Nevertheless, in March 2012, during his second campaign for the presidency (that set out with a more moderate and less randy profile than the 2006 campaign), LĂłpez Obrador met up with Krauze at a private dinner, where he told him:
We have been unfair to you. You are a liberal, democrat, you defended the vote in Chihuahua, you opposed Salinas. And I will never forget when you defended me publicly when they said I looked like Hitler.
Remembering the encounter during his third and final campaign, in May 2018, Krauze sentenced: "to my regret, I feel that the portrait I painted of him in âThe Tropical Messiahâ has only been confirmed over timeâ.
After LĂłpez Obrador's victory in the 2018 general election, Enrique Krauze was the target of attacks from the government. The first was the accusation from Tatiana Clouthier Carrillo, LĂłpez Obrador's campaign coordinator, in her book Juntos hicimos historia (Together, we made History) (Penguin Random House, 2019), of a campaign led by business interest groups and intellectuals to avoid LĂłpez Obrador's rise to power through social media manipulation, in which Krauze should have been included. The story was told with more detail in the newspaper Eje Central on March 14, 2019, which named the campaign Berlin Operation. Krauze denied all allegations in the Reforma newspaper where he demonstrated that he was not in Mexico City at the time the anonymous source (later identified as Ricardo Sevilla) told of a personal encounter with the historian. President LĂłpez Obrador seemed to stop this affair when he expressed:
We donât want the controversy, Enrique Krauze is a good historian, and he has a political view not akin to ours, but deserves all of our respect.
Later, in May 2019, the Republic's Presidential Social Communication Administration published an incomplete list of payments made by the Federal Government between 2013 and 2018 to âmedia and journalistsâ (in which, for example, were missing the payments made to broadcasters), which included information on Krauze, ClĂo, and Letras Libres, to point them out as beneficiaries of less than transparent contributions from previous administrations. ClĂo and Letras Libres published clarifications that marked the reason for said payments, the publicity services, and production services made, and the lack of representation of those amounts compared to the total amount the government spent on official publicity.
On June 4, 2020, the government of the state of Jalisco battled strong protests in the city of Guadalajara. The complaint was due to the assassination of Giovanni LĂłpez in the previous month, after being detained and beaten by the municipal police of IxtlahuacĂĄn de los Membrillos, for allegedly not wearing a facemask during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. After separating himself from the crime (arguing that the municipal police was not under his control), governor Enrique Alfaro RamĂrez accused president AndrĂ©s Manuel LĂłpez Obrador and his party, Morena, of being behind the protests. The next day, Enrique Krauze wrote a tweet defending Alfaro's denouncement of intromission from the federal government in the protests:
Governor Enrique Alfaro honors Jaliscoâs liberal tradition. Also, Mariano Otero battled unfair harassment from the government. And it went down in history for resisting.
Before that, on June 6, during a tour through MinatitlĂĄn, LĂłpez Obrador expressed, mixing Krauze's name with 19th Century conservative writer, historian and politician, Lucas AlamĂĄn:
An organic intellectual, Lucas Krauze AlamĂĄn, took sides. Or rather, reaffirmed his conservatism. And so others. How good that they define themselves, no half measures and that each one is located in the right place. It is not the time for simulations: we are either conservatives or liberals.
Hours later, Krauze twitted:
As a historian, I am honored to be compared with Lucas AlamĂĄn. But, as a politician, AlamĂĄn favored the absolute concentration of power in an illuminated leader, without liberty, and with a strong army. Itâs not me, president @lopezobrador_ who resembles conservative Lucas AlamĂĄn.
Awards, recognitions and distinctionsâ»
- Literature Award Magda Donato for Caudillos culturales en la RevoluciĂłn mexicana in 1976.
- In 1979 he obtained the Guggenheim Fellowship.
- Member of the Mexican Academy of History since 1989. He occupies the fourth seat.
- In October 1993 he won the IV Comillas Biography Award, annually granted by Tusquets Editores to the best international biography for Siglo de caudillos.
- Medal the Great Cross by the Civil Order of Alfonso X, the Wise, Spain, December 16, 2003.
- He was selected for the Colegio Nacional in Mexico on April 27, 2005.
- In August 2008 he received the Great Cross by the Order of Isabel the Catholic.
- In 2010 he was awarded the National Arts and Science Award in the History, Social Sciences, and Philosophy areas. This award was given by the Mexican government to recognize the best contributions that Mexicans make to the country's cultural and social development.
- In 2012 he received the Great Chapultepec Award, given by the Inter American Press Association, and the International Essay Award Caballero Bonald for his book: Redeemers.
- National Award Juan Pablos for Editorial Merit 2014 for his editorial trajectory and his work in the spread of cultural awareness.
- In December 2015, Mariano Rajoyâs government awards him, through Royal Decree, the Spanish nationality by a naturalization letter.
- On September 13, 2016, in public and solemn session, the H. Guerrero State Congress named him a winner for "Sentimientos de la NaciĂłn", the greatest award given by the Legislative power of that state, at the start of the 203rd anniversary of the installation of Chilpancingo's Congress.
- âMĂ©rito Editorial 2016â award given by Guadalajara International Book Fair, November 28.
- âRosario Castellanosâ medal, by Chiapasâ Legislative Power, December 2, 2016.
- Named Doctor "Honoris Causa" by the University of Guadalajara, on November 27, 2017.
- Gold Medal Gabino Barreda by Puebla Stateâs State Congress, July 5, 2018.
- III Prize of History "Ărdenes Españolas", by the Spanish orders of Santiago, Calatrava, AlcĂĄntara y Montesa, April 8, 2021.
Other worksâ»
- 1981. On the book Historia ¿para qué? Arnaldo Córdova, Adolfo Gilly, Enrique Florescano. In Unomåsuno.
- 1981. On Gabriel Zaid. HĂ©ctor Aguilar CamĂn. In SĂĄbado y Nexos Magazine.
- 1984. On "Por una democracia sin adjetivos". Rolando Cordera, Manuel Camacho SolĂs, Carlos Bazdresch, Rafael Segovia, Manuel Aguilar Mora, Eduardo Valle. In Nexos y Vuelta.
- 1988. On "La comedia mexicana de Carlos Fuentes". Several intellectuals. In Unomåsuno, La Jornada, Excélsior and other media.
- 1990. On Encuentro Vuelta. Octavio Paz, Mario Vargas Llosa, Gabriel GarcĂa MĂĄrquez, Adolfo SĂĄnchez VĂĄzquez, Carlos MonsivĂĄis, HĂ©ctor Aguilar CamĂn, Rolando Cordera, Arnaldo CĂłrdova, among other. In Vuelta, La Jornada, Proceso, El Financiero.
- 1991. On the Gulf War. Gregorio Selser y Octavio Paz. In La Jornada.
- 1991. On Vuelta and Proceso. Vicente Leñero. In Proceso.
- 1991. On Alberto Ruy SĂĄnchez's departure of Vuelta. In UnomĂĄsuno.
- 1992. On the Winter Colloquium. Several media.
- 1992. On the SEP's textbooks. HĂ©ctor Aguilar CamĂn, Enrique Florescano and other intellectuals. In La Jornada, Nexos, Vuelta, El Financiero, UnomĂĄsuno, ExcĂ©lsior, etc.
- 1995. On Carlos Salinas de Gortari. HĂ©ctor Aguilar CamĂn. In Proceso.
- 1996. On the comedy El Coloquio. VĂctor Flores Olea, Octavio Paz, Leon Wieseltier. In Proceso.
- 1997. On the book Las grandes mentiras de Krauze, by Manuel LĂłpez Gallo. Bernardo BĂĄtiz, Humberto Musacchio. In La Jornada, Reforma.
- 1997. On the book La presidencia imperial. Luis GonzĂĄlez de Alba, Elena Poniatowska. In Nexos and La Jornada.
- 1998. On the Truth commission for the former president Luis EcheverrĂa Ălvarez. In Proceso, Reforma.
- 1998. On the book Biography of Power. Claudio Lomnitz. In Milenio.
- 1998-1999. On Vueltaâs legacy and the beginning of Letras Libres. Aurelio Asiain, Christopher DomĂnguez Michael, Guillermo Sheridan, Alejandro Rossi, Humberto Musacchio, Bela Kuter, Roberto Vallarino. In Proceso, Reforma, La CrĂłnica, El BĂșho.
- 2001. On Subcommander Marcos. Jaime MartĂnez Veloz. In La Jornada.
- 2003. On the elections and the vote. Marco RascĂłn, Javier Sicilia, Fernando del Paso. In Proceso, Reforma, La Jornada, UnomĂĄsuno.
- 2004. On the essay "Para salir de Babel". RaĂșl Trejo Delarbre, Miguel Ăngel Granados Chapa, Jorge Medina Viedas, Humberto Musacchio, Ricardo Raphael, Mauricio Merino, Ricardo AlemĂĄn. In Letras Libres, Nexos, El Financiero, La CrĂłnica, Reforma, Milenio, El Universal, ExcĂ©lsior, Proceso.
- 2006. On the essay "El mesĂas tropical". VĂctor Manuel Toledo, JosĂ© AgustĂn Pinchetti, Luis GutiĂ©rrez NegrĂn. In Letras Libres, La Jornada.
- 2007. On Octavio Paz and the left. Arnaldo CĂłrdova, Roger Bartra, Christopher DomĂnguez Michael, JosĂ© de la Colina, JesĂșs Silva-Herzog MĂĄrquez. In Reforma, La Jornada, Letras Libres.
- 2008. On tacking the stands. John Ackerman, José Woldenberg, Fernando Pliego. In La Jornada, en Reforma.
- 2008. On democracy and Mexican Revolution. Porfirio Muñoz Ledo. In Reforma.
- 2009-2010. On the article "A la sombra del patriarca". Gerald Martin, Guillermo Sheridan. In Letras Libres.
- 2011. On the academy and the âhistory of bronzeâ. Roberto Breña. In Nexos y Letras Libres.
- 2011. On the freedom of speech and journalistic ethics. Several intellectuals from La Jornada mostly. In Letras Libres, Milenio, Reforma and other media.
- 2011. On the Mexican left. Armando Bartra. In Proceso.
- 2013. On oil and Mexican nationalism. John Ackerman. In Proceso.
- 2019. On a family anecdote. Sabina Berman. On Twitter.
Referencesâ»
- ^ MarĂa Cristina del Arenal Mitolo (2002). AntologĂa de historia de MĂ©xico II (in Spanish). Universidad Nacional AutĂłnoma de MĂ©xico. p. 64. ISBN 9789683699282. Retrieved January 30, 2020.
- ^ "Miembros de la Academia SillĂłn No. 4 Enrique Krauze". Academia Mexicana de la Historia. Archived from the original on September 5, 2009. Retrieved November 25, 2009.
- ^ "Krauze, Enrique. Vida y obra". El Colegio Nacional. Archived from the original on August 26, 2008. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
- ^ "Corporativo | Consejo de AdministraciĂłn | Televisa ::". www.televisair.com. Retrieved May 19, 2016.
- ^ ".:Santander Inversionistas:". www.santander.com.mx. Archived from the original on May 9, 2016. Retrieved May 19, 2016.
- ^ Enrique Krauze (February 4, 2013). "La misiĂłn de la televisiĂłn" (in Spanish). Letras Libres. Retrieved January 30, 2020.
- ^ Enrique Krauze (February 4, 2013). "La misiĂłn de la televisiĂłn" (in Spanish). Letras Libres. Retrieved January 30, 2020.
- ^ Enrique Krauze (December 1, 1976). "CosĂo Villegas y ExcĂ©lsior" (PDF) (in Spanish). Vuelta. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 29, 2019. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
- ^ Manuel Gutiérrez (June 30, 2012). "Un viaje por Vuelta" (in Spanish). Literal Magazine. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
- ^ Malva Flores (December 1, 2016). "Estamos de Vuelta: un recuerdo y un recordatorio" (in Spanish). Letras Libres. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
- ^ Enrique Krauze (October 1, 1982). "El timĂłn y la tormenta" (PDF) (in Spanish). Vuelta. p. 14. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 19, 2019. Retrieved January 31, 2020.
- ^ Enrique Krauze (January 1, 1984). "Por una democracia sin adjetivos" (PDF) (in Spanish). Vuelta. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 19, 2019. Retrieved January 31, 2020.
- ^ Enrique Krauze (January 1, 1984). "Por una democracia sin adjetivos" (PDF) (in Spanish). Vuelta. p. 13. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 19, 2019. Retrieved January 31, 2020.
- ^ Enrique Krauze (April 21, 1996). "Neoconservadores" (in Spanish). Reforma. Retrieved January 31, 2020.
- ^ Enrique Krauze (April 21, 1996). "Neoconservadores" (in Spanish). Reform'. Retrieved January 31, 2020.
- ^ Enrique Krauze (December 1, 2007). "La UNAM y el Bicentenario. DesvarĂos histĂłricos" (in Spanish). Letras Libres. Retrieved January 31, 2020.
- ^ Gabriel Zaid (October 29, 2017). "Krauze Estadista" (in Spanish). Reforma. Retrieved February 12, 2020.
- ^ Christopher DomĂnguez Michael (2013). Diccionario crĂtico de la literatura mexicana (1955-2011) (in Spanish). Fondo de Cultura EconĂłmica. ISBN 9786071615749. Retrieved January 31, 2020.
- ^ Claudio Lomnitz (February 27, 2019). "EstatolatrĂa" (in Spanish). La Jornada. Retrieved February 12, 2020.
- ^ Enrique Krauze (May 1, 2005). "Un hĂ©roe de la historiografĂa" (in Spanish). Letras Libres. p. 14. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
- ^ Enrique Krauze (June 1, 2006). "El mesĂas tropical" (in Spanish). Letras Libres. Retrieved January 31, 2020.
- ^ La redacciĂłn (November 16, 2006). "Se debate el paĂs en la anormalidad polĂtica" (in Spanish). Proceso. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
- ^ VĂctor M. Toledo (December 15, 2006). "Todos somos mesĂas tropicales" (in Spanish). La Jornada. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
- ^ Enrique Krauze (December 17, 2006). ""La interpretaciĂłn de VĂctor Toledo, una caricatura: Krauze"" (in Spanish). La Jornada. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
- ^ Enrique Krauze (December 19, 2006). ""Respuesta a Krauze: las caricaturas no hacen llorar"" (in Spanish). La Jornada. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
- ^ "El electorado castigĂł a LĂłpez Obrador: Krauze". Proceso. July 22, 2007. Archived from the original on October 31, 2014. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
- ^ Andrés Manuel López Obrador (2007). La mafia nos robó la presidencia (in Spanish). Grijalbo. p. 252. ISBN 9789707802155. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
- ^ Enrique Krauze (June 1, 2018). "Una cena con LĂłpez Obrador" (in Spanish). Letras Libres. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
- ^ Enrique Krauze (June 1, 2018). "Una cena con LĂłpez Obrador" (in Spanish). Letras Libres. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
- ^ Tatiana Clouthier (2019). Juntos hicimos historia (in Spanish). Penguin Random House. ISBN 9786073179805. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
- ^ Juan Carlos RodrĂguez (March 14, 2019). "OperaciĂłn BerlĂn: Conjura AntiAMLO" (in Spanish). Eje Central. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
- ^ La redacciĂłn (March 21, 2019). "Rechaza Enrique Krauze conocer a Sevilla" (in Spanish). Reforma. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
- ^ La RedacciĂłn (March 18, 2019). "AMLO dice que Enrique Krauze es un buen historiador y merece su respeto" (in Spanish). El Imparcial. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
- ^ Jorge Ricardo NicolĂĄs (May 24, 2019). "Exhibe presidencia contratos con periodistas" (in Spanish). El Heraldo de Aguascalientes. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
- ^ Letras Libres (May 23, 2019). "Precisiones sobre la informaciĂłn dada a conocer por la presidencia de la repĂșblica respecto a la publicidad oficial" (in Spanish). Letras Libres. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
- ^ "Alfaro culpa a AMLO y a Morena por la violencia en la marcha por Giovanni LĂłpez" (in Spanish). ADNPolĂtico. June 5, 2020. Retrieved June 6, 2020.
- ^ "Governor Enrique Alfaro honors Jalisco's liberal tradition" (in Spanish). Twitter. Retrieved June 6, 2020.
- ^ ""Se estĂĄ por la transformaciĂłn del paĂs o se estĂĄ en contra", advierte AMLO" (in Spanish). El Universal. June 6, 2020. Retrieved June 6, 2020.
- ^ "Como historiador, me honra la comparaciĂłn con Lucas AlamĂĄn" (in Spanish). Twitter. Retrieved June 6, 2020.
External linksâ»
- (in Spanish) Biography: Enrique Krauze, Colegio Nacional ("National College").
- (in Spanish) Biography, Mexican Academy of History.
- (in Spanish) Letras Libres
- Editorial ClĂio Libros y Video (in Spanish) (can be translated online)
- 1947 births
- Living people
- Members of El Colegio Nacional (Mexico)
- El Colegio de MĂ©xico alumni
- Fellows of St Antony's College, Oxford
- Historians of Mexico
- Jewish historians
- Mexican Jews
- 20th-century Mexican historians
- Mexican people of Polish-Jewish descent
- National Autonomous University of Mexico alumni
- Mexican columnists
- Mexican essayists
- Mexican male writers
- Mexican male essayists
- Mexican publishers (people)
- Writers from Mexico City
- 21st-century Mexican historians