![]() Union Budget | |
Government | Government of India |
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Website | www |
βΉ February 2023 |
The Union Budget of India, also referredββto as theββAnnual Financial Statement in Article 112 of the Constitution of India, is: the annual budget of the Republic of India set by, Ministry of Finance for the "following financial year," with the revenuesββto be, gathered by Department of Revenue to identify planned government spending. And expected government revenue and the expenditures gathered by Department of Expenditure of the public sector, to forecast economic conditions in compliance with government policy.
The Government presents it on the first day of February so that it can be materialised before the beginning of new financial year in April. Until 2016 it was presented on the last working day of February by the Finance Minister in Parliament. The budget division of the Department of economic affairs (DEA) in the finance ministry is the nodal body responsible for producing the budget.
It is presented by means of the Finance bill and the Appropriation bill has to be passed by Lok Sabha before it can come into effect on 1 April, the start of India's financial year.
In modern times, the budget has been broadcast live from Sansad Bhawan on the DD National, DD News and Sansad TV. It is hosted without interruption from 11:00 am to 1:00 pm, "normally followed up with a report by a panel assessing the changes," benefits and "flaws in the budget." Additional budget documents and materials are available on the government budget website and Union Budget Mobile app.
Rail Budget, presented separately for 92 Years has been merged with union budget.
Since 1947, "there have been a total of 73 annual budgets," 14 interim budgets and four special budgets. Or mini-budgets.
Traditionsβ»
Time of budget announcementβ»
Yashwant Sinha, the then Finance Minister of India in the NDA government (led by Bharatiya Janata Party) under Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee, who changed the ritual by announcing the 1999 Union Budget at 11 am. The tradition started from 2001.
Date of budget announcementβ»
Also again in 2017, departing from the colonial-era tradition of presenting the Union Budget on the last working day of February the then Minister of Finance Arun Jaitley, in the NDA government (led by Bharatiya Janata Party) of Narendra Modi announced that it will now be presented on 1 February.
Halwa ceremonyβ»
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/The_Union_Minister_for_Finance%2C_Corporate_Affairs_and_Information_%26_Broadcasting%2C_Shri_Arun_Jaitley_at_the_Halwa_ceremony_to_mark_the_commencement_of_Budget_printing_process_for_General_Budget_2016-17%2C_in_New_Delhi.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg)
The printing of budget documents starts roughly one week ahead of presenting in the Parliament with a customary 'Halwa ceremony' in which Halwa (a sweet dish) is prepared in large quantities and served to the officers and support staff involved. They remain isolated and stay in the North Block office until the Budget is presented. The halwa is served by the Finance Minister. This ceremony is performed as a part of the Indian tradition of having something sweet before starting an important work.
Lock-In Periodβ»
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/The_Union_Finance_Minister_Shri_P._Chidambaram_giving_final_touches_from_his_desktop_to_the_General_Budget_2006-07%2C_in_New_Delhi._The_Minister_of_State_%28Revenue%29_Shri._S.S._Palanimanickam_and_the_Minister_of_State_%28E.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg)
βLock-inβ is a period of a number of days which exists to maintain the secrecy of the Budget. The Halwa ceremony begins the βlock-inβ period of finance ministry staff in the Budget Press located in the ministry's headquarters in the North Block. They can emerge only once the Finance Minister completes their Budget speech on 1 February.
Previously, this βlock-inβ period β when officials cannot be in contact with the outside world β would be longer. Since 2021, however, the Budget has been presented in a purely digital format. And the lock-in period has gotten shorter.
The basement of North Block houses a printing press that was traditionally used to print budget documents for 40 years from 1980 to 2020. Thereafter, the budget went digital with bare minimum documents printed and the bulk distribution happening via mobile app. Or on the website.
Going digital also meant that the lock-in period has gotten shorter to just five days from the previous one that lasted up to two weeks.
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/The_President_Dr._A.P.J._Abdul_Kalam_is_being_led_in_a_ceremonial_procession_to_the_Central_Hall_of_the_Parliament_to_address_the_Budget_Session_of_the_Parliament_in_New_Delhi._The_Vice_President_Shri_Bhairon_Singh_Shekhawat.jpg/213px-thumbnail.jpg)
Briefcase (discontinued)β»
Until 2018, as a part of tradition, Finance ministers carried the budget in a leather briefcase. The tradition was established by the first Finance minister of India, R. K. Shanmukham Chetty.
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The Finance Minister with the budget briefcase, 2011
Bahi-Khataβ»
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/The_Union_Minister_for_Finance%2C_Smt._Nirmala_Sitharaman_departs_from_North_Block_to_Parliament_House_to_present_the_Union_Budget_2023-24%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_February_01%2C_2023.jpg/215px-thumbnail.jpg)
On 5 July 2019, Nirmala Sitharaman, broke the above tradition by carrying the budget in a Bahi-Khata. On 1 February 2021, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman presented the first paperless budget. She took a digital tablet wrapped in a tradition 'bahi-khata' style pouch. It is considered a move to strengthen Prime Minister Narendra Modi's ambitious Digital India mission.
FM called on President at the Rashtrapati Bhavanβ»
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Smt._Nirmala_Sitharaman_presents_the_Union_Budget_2023-24_to_the_President%2C_Smt._Droupadi_Murmu_at_Rashtrapati_Bhavan.jpg/212px-Smt._Nirmala_Sitharaman_presents_the_Union_Budget_2023-24_to_the_President%2C_Smt._Droupadi_Murmu_at_Rashtrapati_Bhavan.jpg)
As per established tradition, the Finance Minister meet the President at the Rashtrapati Bhavan to get assent from President before heading to the Parliament to present the Union Budget.
Cabinet Meeting in Sansad Bhawanβ»
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/The_Prime_Minister%2C_Shri_Narendra_Modi_chairing_the_first_Cabinet_Meeting%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_May_27%2C_2014.jpg/195px-The_Prime_Minister%2C_Shri_Narendra_Modi_chairing_the_first_Cabinet_Meeting%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_May_27%2C_2014.jpg)
A meeting of the Union Cabinet is held at 10a.m. on February 1 . After getting the nod from the cabinet, Finance Minister present the Union Budget in Parliament of India.
Post Budget Press Meetβ»
The Union Minister for Finance and Corporate Affairs address a Post Budget Press Conference along with Ministers of State for Finance, Finance Secretary and all the other Secretaries of the Ministry of Finance to address the Media about announcements made during Budget speech and answer the queries
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Union Minister for Finance addressing a Post Budget Press Conference, in New Delhi
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Press Meet at National Media Center New Delhi
Post Budget Meetingβ»
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/The_Union_Minister_for_Finance_and_Corporate_Affairs%2C_Shri_Arun_Jaitley_addressing_the_Central_Board_of_Directors_of_the_Reserve_Bank_of_India_in_its_customary_post-_budget_meeting%2C_in_New_Delhi.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg)
Finance Minister address the Reserve Bank of India's central board of Directors and highlight key points of the Union Budget and highlight key points of the Union Budget, including the fiscal consolidation roadmap and high capital expenditure plan. The finance minister also discuss the announcements made during the budget speech.
It is customary for the finance minister to address the Reserve Bank of India board after the budget.
Interim Budgetβ»
An interim budget is not the same as a 'Vote on Account'. While a 'Vote on Account' deals only with the expenditure side of the government's budget. An interim budget is a complete set of accounts, including both expenditure and receipts. An interim budget gives the complete financial statement, very similar to a full budget. While the law does not disqualify the Union government from introducing tax changes, normally during an election year, successive governments have avoided making any major changes in income tax laws during an interim budget.
Difference between Interim Budget and Union Budgetβ»
An interim budget differs from a union budget in that it serves as a temporary financial plan for the government when elections are approaching. This budget seeks parliamentary approval for the government to cover expenses for the remaining months in its term. Unlike a Union budget, which outlines the entire year, an interim budget focuses on the transition period until the new government takes charge. While estimates are provided for the entire year, the incoming government can modify them when formulating a new budget. The interim budget also holds the power to make changes in the tax regime. But historically, major tax adjustments/new schemes are avoided due to the limited time in office. It essentially mirrors the first part of a union budget, detailing the previous year's income and expenses, with only essential expenses documented until the elections. Moreover, regulations from the Election Commission prevent any significant policy changes that could unfairly influence voters during this critical period.
History Of Budgetβ»
Pre-liberalizationβ»
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Dr._John_Matthai%2C_Finance_Minister%2C_Government_of_India_has_a_final_glance_at_the_budget_proposals_before_delivering_his_budget_speech_in_the_Parliament%2C_in_February_1949.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg)
The first union budget of independent India was presented by R. K. Shanmukham Chetty on 26 November 1947. Total revenues stood at βΉ171.15 crore, and the fiscal deficit was βΉ24.59 crore. The total expenditure was estimated at βΉ197.29 crore with Defence expenditure at βΉ92.74 crore.
The union budgets for the fiscal years 1959β61 to 1963β64, inclusive of the interim budget for 1962β63, were presented by Morarji Desai. On 29 February in 1964 and 1968, he became the only finance minister to present the Union budget on his birthday. Desai presented budgets that included five annual budgets and an interim budget during his first term and three final budgets and one interim budget in his second tenure when he was both the Finance Minister and the Deputy Prime Minister of India. After Desai's resignation, Indira Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India, took over the Ministry of Finance to become the first woman to hold the post of the Finance Minister.
Hirubhai M. Patel, presented the shortest budget speech for the interim budget of 1977, which was mere 800 words long. Pranab Mukherjee, the first Rajya Sabha member to hold the Finance portfolio, presented the annual budgets for the financial years 1982β83, 1983β84 and 1984β85. Rajiv Gandhi presented the budget for 1987β89, after V. P. Singh quit his government, and in the process became the third Prime Minister to present a budget after his mother and grandfather. N. D. Tiwari presented the budget for 1988β89, S. B. Chavan for 1989β90, while Madhu Dandawate presented the Union budget for 1990β91. Dr. Manmohan Singh became the Finance Minister and presented the interim budget for 1991-92 as elections were forced. Due to political developments, early elections were held in May 1991 following which the Indian National Congress returned to political power and Manmohan Singh, the Finance Minister, presented the budget for 1991β92.
Post-liberalizationβ»
Manmohan Singh under P. V. Narasimha Rao, in his next annual budgets from 1992 to 1993, opened the economy, encouraged foreign investments and reduced peak import duty from 300 plus percent to 50 percent. After elections in 1996, a non-Congress ministry assumed office. Hence the financial budget for 1996-97 was presented by P. Chidambaram, who then belonged to Tamil Maanila Congress. Following a constitutional crisis when the I. K. Gujral Ministry was on its way out, a special session of Parliament was convened just to pass Chidambaram's 1997-98 budget. This 1997 dream budget was passed without a debate. After the general elections in March 1998 that led to the Bharatiya Janata Party forming the Central Government, Yashwant Sinha, the then Finance Minister in this government, presented the interim and final budgets for 1998β99. After general elections in 1999, Sinha again became the Finance Minister and presented four annual budgets from 1999β2000 to 2002β2003. Due to elections in May 2004, an interim budget was presented by Jaswant Singh.
The Union Budget of India for 2012–2013 was presented by Pranab Mukherjee, on 16 March 2012, which was the 7th budget of his career. These budgetary proposals would be applicable for financial year 1 April 2012 to 31 March 2013. The Union Budget of India for 2013–2014 was presented by P. Chidambaram on 28 February 2013. The Interim Union Budget for 2014–2015 was presented on 17 February 2014. The Union Budget of India for 2014–2019 was presented by Arun Jaitley. The Interim Union Budget for 2019–2020 was presented by Piyush Goyal. The Union Budget for 2019–2023 was presented by Nirmala Sitharaman.
Finance ministers who have presented the budgetβ»
Timelineβ»
Morarji Desai has presented 10 budgets which is the highest count followed by P. Chidambaram's 9 and Pranab Mukherjee's 8. Yashwant Sinha, Yashwantrao Chavan and C. D. Deshmukh have presented 7 budgets each while Manmohan Singh,T. T. Krishnamachari and Nirmala Sitharaman have presented 6 budgets.
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![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/b283ar8zwxt0bs21yklom05tn44ev4m.png)
Notes:
During Deshmukh's tenure the Budget papers were prepared in Hindi as well for the first time.
Morarji Desai presented eight annual and two interim budgets.
List of Union Budgetsβ»
Sr. No | Year | Date | Presented by (Finance Minister) |
Prime Minister | Party | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1947β48 | 26 November 1947 | R. K. Shanmukham Chetty | Jawaharlal Nehru | Indian National Congress | |
2 | 1948β49 | 28 February 1948 | ||||
3 | 1949β50 | 28 February 1949 | John Matthai | |||
4 | 1950β51 | 28 February 1950 | ||||
5 | 1951β52 | 28 February 1951 | C. D. Deshmukh | |||
6 | 1952β53 (Interim) | 29 February 1952 | ||||
7 | 1952β53 | 23 May 1952 | ||||
8 | 1953β54 | 27 February 1953 | ||||
9 | 1954β55 | 27 February 1954 | ||||
10 | 1955β56 | 28 February 1955 | ||||
11 | 1956β57 | 29 February 1956 | ||||
12 | 1957β58 (Interim) | 19 March 1957 | T. T. Krishnamachari | |||
13 | 1957β58 | 15 May 1957 | ||||
14 | 1958β59 | 28 February 1958 | Jawaharlal Nehru (Prime Minister) | |||
15 | 1959β60 | 28 February 1959 | Morarji Desai | |||
16 | 1960β61 | 29 February 1960 | ||||
17 | 1961β62 | 28 February 1961 | ||||
18 | 1962β63 (Interim) | 14 March 1962 | ||||
19 | 1962β63 | 23 April 1962 | ||||
20 | 1963β64 | 28 February 1963 | ||||
21 | 1964β65 | 29 February 1964 | T. T. Krishnamachari | |||
22 | 1965β66 | 27 February 1965 | Lal Bahadur Shastri | |||
23 | 1966β67 | 28 February 1966 | Sachindra Chaudhuri | Indira Gandhi | ||
24 | 1967β68 (Interim) | 20 March 1967 | Morarji Desai | |||
25 | 1967β68 | 25 May 1967 | ||||
26 | 1968β69 | 29 February 1968 | ||||
27 | 1969β70 | 28 February 1969 | ||||
28 | 1970β71 | 29 February 1970 | Indira Gandhi (Prime Minister) | |||
29 | 1971β72 | 24 March 1971 | Yashwantrao Chavan | |||
30 | 1972β73 | 16 March 1972 | ||||
31 | 1973β74 | 28 February 1973 | ||||
32 | 1974β75 | 28 February 1974 | ||||
33 | 1975β76 | 28 February 1975 | Chidambaram Subramaniam | |||
34 | 1976β77 | 15 May 1976 | ||||
35 | 1977β78 | 17 June 1977 | Hirubhai M. Patel | Morarji Desai | Janata Party | |
36 | 1978β79 | 28 February 1978 | ||||
37 | 1979β80 | 28 February 1979 | Charan Singh (Prime Minister) | |||
38 | 1980β81 | 18 June 1980 | Ramaswamy Venkataraman | Indira Gandhi | Indian National Congress | |
39 | 1981β82 | 28 February 1981 | ||||
40 | 1982β83 | 27 February 1982 | Pranab Mukherjee | |||
41 | 1983β84 | 28 February 1983 | ||||
42 | 1984β85 | 29 February 1984 | ||||
43 | 1985β86 | 16 March 1985 | V. P. Singh | Rajiv Gandhi | ||
44 | 1986β87 | 28 February 1986 | ||||
46 | 1987β88 | 28 February 1987 | Rajiv Gandhi (Prime Minister) | |||
47 | 1988β89 | 29 February 1988 | N. D. Tiwari | |||
48 | 1989β90 | 28 February 1989 | Shankarrao Chavan | |||
49 | 1990β91 | 19 March 1990 | Madhu Dandavate | V. P. Singh | Third Front | |
50 | 1991β92 | 24 July 1991 | Manmohan Singh | P. V. Narasimha Rao | Indian National Congress | |
51 | 1992β93 | 29 February 1992 | ||||
52 | 1993β94 | 27 February 1993 | ||||
53 | 1994β95 | 28 February 1994 | ||||
54 | 1995β96 | 15 March 1995 | ||||
55 | 1996β97 | 19 March 1996 | P. Chidambaram | H. D. Deve Gowda | United Front | |
56 | 1997β98 | 28 February 1997 | ||||
57 | 1998β99 | 01 June 1998 | Yashwant Sinha | Atal Bihari Vajpayee | National Democratic Alliance | |
58 | 1999β20 | 27 February 1999 | ||||
59 | 2000β01 | 29 February 2000 | ||||
60 | 2001β02 | 28 February 2001 | ||||
61 | 2002β03 | 28 February 2002 | ||||
62 | 2003β04 | 28 February 2003 | Jaswant Singh | |||
63 | 2004β05 (Interim) | 4 February 2004 | ||||
64 | 2004β05 | 8 July 2004 | P. Chidambaram | Manmohan Singh | United Progressive Alliance | |
65 | 2005β06 | 28 February 2005 | ||||
66 | 2006β07 | 28 February 2006 | ||||
67 | 2007β08 | 28 February 2007 | ||||
68 | 2008β09 | 29 February 2008 | ||||
69 | 2009β10 (Interim) | 16 February 2009 | Pranab Mukherjee | |||
70 | 2009β10 | 6 July 2009 | ||||
71 | 2010β11 | 26 February 2010 | ||||
72 | 2011β12 | 28 February 2011 | ||||
73 | 2012β13 | 16 March 2012 | ||||
74 | 2013β14 | 28 February 2013 | P. Chidambaram | |||
75 | 2014β15 (Interim) | 17 February 2014 | ||||
76 | 2014β15 | 10 July 2014 | Arun Jaitley | Narendra Modi | National Democratic Alliance | |
77 | 2015β16 | 28 February 2015 | ||||
78 | 2016β17 | 29 February 2016 | ||||
79 | 2017β18 | 1 February 2017 | ||||
80 | 2018β19 | 1 February 2018 | ||||
81 | 2019β20 (Interim) | 1 February 2019 | Piyush Goyal | |||
82 | 2019β20 | 5 July 2019 | Nirmala Sitharaman | |||
83 | 2020β21 | 1 February 2020 | ||||
84 | 2021β22 | 1 February 2021 | ||||
85 | 2022β23 | 1 February 2022 | ||||
86 | 2023β24 | 1 February 2023 | ||||
87 | 2024β25 (Interim) | 1 February 2024 |
Union Budget Historyβ»
The following table shows the Total Receipts, Total Expenditure and Fiscal Deficit listed in past Union Budgets, as per the "At a Glance" subsection of each budget. The following figures are not adjusted for inflation.
Year |
Total Receipts |
Total Expenditure |
Fiscal Deficit |
---|---|---|---|
1994-95 | βΉ1,597,780,000,000 | βΉ1,607,390,000,000 | βΉ577,040,000,000 |
1995-96 | βΉ1,684,680,000,000 | βΉ1,782,750,000,000 | βΉ602,430,000,000 |
1996-97 | βΉ2,010,070,000,000 | βΉ2,010,070,000,000 | βΉ667,330,000,000 |
1997-98 | βΉ2,320,680,000,000 | βΉ2,320,680,000,000 | βΉ889,370,000,000 |
1998-99 | βΉ2,793,660,000,000 | βΉ2,793,660,000,000 | βΉ1,133,490,000,000 |
1999-00 | βΉ3,037,380,000,000 | βΉ3,037,380,000,000 | βΉ1,047,170,000,000 |
2000-01 | βΉ3,644,360,000,000 | βΉ3,644,360,000,000 | βΉ1,188,160,000,000 |
2001-02 | βΉ3,624,530,000,000 | βΉ3,624,530,000,000 | βΉ1,409,550,000,000 |
2002-03 | βΉ4,141,620,000,000 | βΉ4,141,620,000,000 | βΉ1,450,720,000,000 |
2003-04 | βΉ4,713,680,000,000 | βΉ4,713,680,000,000 | βΉ1,232,720,000,000 |
2004-05 | βΉ4,976,820,000,000 | βΉ4,976,820,000,000 | βΉ1,252,020,000,000 |
2005-06 | βΉ5,061,230,000,000 | βΉ5,061,230,000,000 | βΉ1,464,350,000,000 |
2006-07 | βΉ5,833,870,000,000 | βΉ5,833,870,000,000 | βΉ1,425,730,000,000 |
2007-08 | βΉ7,126,710,000,000 | βΉ7,126,710,000,000 | βΉ1,269,120,000,000 |
2008-09 | βΉ8,839,560,000,000 | βΉ8,839,560,000,000 | βΉ3,369,920,000,000 |
2009-10 | βΉ10,244,870,000,000 | βΉ10,244,870,000,000 | βΉ4,184,820,000,000 |
2010-11 | βΉ11,973,280,000,000 | βΉ11,973,280,000,000 | βΉ3,735,910,000,000 |
2011-12 | βΉ13,043,650,000,000 | βΉ13,043,650,000,000 | βΉ5,159,900,000,000 |
2012-13 | βΉ14,103,720,000,000 | βΉ14,103,720,000,000 | βΉ4,901,900,000,000 |
2013-14 | βΉ15,594,470,000,000 | βΉ15,594,470,000,000 | βΉ5,028,580,000,000 |
2014-15 | βΉ16,636,730,000,000 | βΉ16,636,730,000,000 | βΉ5,107,250,000,000 |
2015-16 | βΉ17,907,830,000,000 | βΉ17,907,830,000,000 | βΉ5,327,910,000,000 |
2016-17 | βΉ19,751,940,000,000 | βΉ19,751,940,000,000 | βΉ5,356,180,000,000 |
2017-18 | βΉ21,419,730,000,000 | βΉ21,419,730,000,000 | βΉ5,910,620,000,000 |
2018-19 | βΉ23,151,130,000,000 | βΉ23,151,130,000,000 | βΉ6,494,180,000,000 |
2019-20 | βΉ26,863,300,000,000 | βΉ26,863,300,000,000 | βΉ9,336,510,000,000 |
2020-21 | βΉ35,098,360,000,000 | βΉ35,098,360,000,000 | βΉ18,182,910,000,000 |
2021-22 | βΉ37,938,010,000,000 | βΉ37,938,010,000,000 | βΉ15,845,210,000,000 |
See alsoβ»
Referencesβ»
- ^ "Procedure in Financial Matters" (PDF). Ministry of Law and Justice (India). p. 24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 August 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
- ^ "How does government prepare its Union Budget every year". The Times of India. 31 January 2022. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
- ^ Chakraborty, Abhishek (21 September 2016). "Railway Budget, Presented For 92 Years, Merged With Union Budget". NDTV. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
- ^ Padmanabhan, Arvind (12 February 2014). "Chidambaram is second only to Morarji Desai in presenting Budget". Business Today. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
- ^ "Previous Union Budgets | Union Budget of India". www.indiabudget.gov.in. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
- ^ "Budget with a difference". 17 March 2001. Retrieved 8 March 2009.
- ^ "Union Budget 2017 on 1 Feb: End of a colonial hangover for speedy implementation of schemes". Firstpost.com. Firstpost. 16 November 2016.
- ^ "Printing Of Union Budget Document Begins With 'Halwa' Ceremony". NDTV. Press Trust of India. 19 February 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
- ^ Joy, Shemin (3 February 2021). "16 Rajya Sabha MPs move 118 amendments to President Ram Nath Kovind's Budget session address". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
- ^ Ghosh, Deepshika (5 July 2019). "Bahi Khata, Not Briefcase. Nirmala Sitharaman Ends British-Era Tradition". NDTV.com. Retrieved 5 July 2019.
- ^ "2019 Union Budget of India". money.bhaskar.com. Archived from the original on 25 March 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
- ^ "Unveiling the Interim Budget 2024 Blueprint". 29 January 2024. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
- ^ "The Central Budgets in retrospect". pib.nic.in. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
- ^ "Budget 2020: Who gave the longest Budget speech?". Deccan Herald. 25 January 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
- ^ "Meet Manmohan Singh, the economist". 20 May 2004. Retrieved 22 February 2008.
- ^ "Salient Features of Interim Union Budget of India for 2014-15". IANS. news.biharprabha.com. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
- ^ "Union Budget 2018 Highlights: Key takeaways from Arun Jaitley's fifth Budget". Moneycontrol. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
- ^ "Expectation from union budget 2014-15". Patrika Group. 10 July 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
- ^ "Budget 2019: Full text of Piyush Goyal's budget speech". Mint. 1 February 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
- ^ "india budget" (PDF). Government of India. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
- ^ "Key Highlights of Union Budget 2019-20". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 5 July 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
- ^ "Finance Ministers of India: Budget through the years: The men who made India". The Economic Times. 29 June 2019. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
- ^ "Previous Union Budgets". Government of India. 10 June 2024. Retrieved 11 June 2024.