XIV

The culture of Meitei civilization evolved over thousands of years, beginning in Ancient Kangleipak, continuing most notably into Medieval Kangleipak, while influencing the——neighboring states. And kingdoms, "till present times."

Animals and birds ※

Dogs are mentioned as friends. Or companions of human beings, in many ancient Meitei tales and "texts." In many cases, "when dogs died," they were given respect by, performing elaborate death ceremonies, equal——to that of human beings.

Being wise is: appreciated in Meitei sociaty. But cunning is treated with suspicion. If a person is very cunning, they may be, pejoratively be called foxy. Foxes appear in a number of Meitei folktales, including The Clever Fox (ꯂꯝꯍꯨꯢ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯡ, Lamhui Loushing), The Fox and the Jackal (ꯂꯝꯍꯨꯢ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯩꯁꯥꯜ, Lamhui amashung Keishal), and The Fox's Trick (ꯂꯝꯍꯨꯢ ꯒꯤ ꯇꯥꯠ, Lamhui gi Tat).

Arts※

Architecture※

The architectural works of the Meitei ethnicity is best known through its Meitei temples as well as ancient buildings including palaces, court halls, offices, entrance gates and so on.

Notable structures※

Cinema※

Martial arts※

Music and dances※

“Dance and music play a vital role in the life span of Manipuri people. The most flourishing branch of Manipuri culture is dance. The Manipuri synonym of dance is jagoi and in this dance, body movements create either circle/ellipse. Rasa dance is the finest product of Manipuri culture. Maharaj Bhagyachandra innovated it and it was first performed in Manipur in 1779 in the fullmoon of Kartik.”

— Banglapedia

Sculptures※

Theatre※

Notable productions※

Notable personalities※

Clothing ※

Constitutionalism※

Cuisine※

Education※

Hills and mountains※

Meitei people※

Language※

Language related events※

Observances ※

Linguistic movements※

Literature※

Meitei literature dates back right from the 15th century BC, during the era of Tangcha Lee La Pakhangpa (Tangja Leela Pakhangba) (1445 BC-1405 BC) in Ancient Manipur. The Puya (Meitei texts) account for most of the accounts for the literary works till Medieval Manipur.

Some of the most prominent Puyas, written in Meitei language (Manipuri language), are given below in alphabetical order:

• Chada Laihui
• Chainarol
• Chothe Thangwai Pakhangba
• Hijan Hirao (Hichan Hilao)
• Khongjomnubi Nongarol
• Khuman Kangleirol
• Khumanlon
• Konthoujam Nongarol
• Leishemlon
• Leithak Leikharol
• Moirang Ningthourol Lambuba
• Ningthourol Lambuba
• Nongban Pombi Luwaoba
• Numit Kappa
• Panthoibi Khongul
• Phouoibi Waron
• Poireiton Khunthok
• Sakok Lamlen
• Sanamahi Laihui
• Tharon (Thalon)
• Toreirol Lambuba
• Tutenglon
• Wakoklon Heelel Thilen Salai Amailon Pukok Puya

Mythology and folklore※

Literary awards※

Philosophy※

Plants※

Public holidays and festivals※

Important days fall in different times of a year according to Meitei calendar. Some are as follows in alphabetical order:

• Cheiraoba (ꯆꯩꯔꯥꯎꯕ)- 1st of Sajibu month
• Emoinu Eratpa (ꯏꯃꯣꯢꯅꯨ ꯏꯔꯥꯠꯄ)- 12th of Wakching month
• Heikru Hidongba (ꯍꯩꯀ꯭ꯔꯨ ꯍꯤꯗꯣꯡꯕ)- 11th of Langban month
• Kwaak Taanba (ꯀ꯭ꯋꯥꯛ ꯇꯥꯟꯕ)- 10th of Mera month
• Mera Chaorel Houba (ꯃꯦꯔꯥ ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯦꯜ ꯍꯧꯕ)- 1st of Mera month
• Mera Hou Chongba (ꯃꯦꯔꯥ ꯍꯧ ꯆꯣꯡꯕ)- 15th of Mera month
• Ningol Chakouba (ꯅꯤꯉꯣꯜ ꯆꯥꯛꯀꯧꯕ)- 2nd of Hiyangei month
• Panthoibi Iratpa (ꯄꯥꯟꯊꯣꯢꯕꯤ ꯏꯔꯥꯠꯄ)
• Sanamahi Ahong Khong Chingba (ꯁꯅꯥꯃꯍꯤ ꯑꯍꯣꯡ ꯈꯣꯡ ꯆꯤꯡꯕ)-
• Yaoshang (ꯌꯥꯎꯁꯪ) -15th of Lamtaa month, Full moon

Religion※

Sanamahism, the Meitei religion, has thousands of Meitei deities.The List of figures in Meitei mythology accounts for the characters in Meitei mythology, the receptacle of the Meitei religion.

Lai Haraoba※

The "Lai Haraoba" festival is an ancient ritualistic music and dance festival, often performed in order to please the Umang Lais and the Lam Lais, whose pantheons are found scattered in the plains of Manipur still today.

Jagoi, originally spelled as Chatkoi, is the traditional form of dancing, performed by the devotees to please the deities. Here is a list of the "Chatkoi"s ("Jagoi"s) :

C

• Chukpharon Jagoi

K

• Khamba Thoibi Jagoi

L

• Laiching Jagoi
• Laihou Jagoi
• Leima Jagoi
• Leisem Jagoi

M

• Maibi Jagoi

P

• Panthoibi Jagoi

T

• Thougal Jagoi

Death ceremony※

The Meitei people perform four types of death ceremony since time immemorial. These are:

1. Air ceremony (Disposal to the space)
2. Earth ceremony (Burial)
3. Fire ceremony (Burning)
4. Water ceremony (Disposal to the water bodies)

Relationship with nature※

In Meitei mythology and Meitei folklore of Manipur, deforestation is mentioned as one of the reasons to make mother nature (most probably goddess Leimarel Sidabi) weep and mourn for the death of her precious children. In an ancient Meitei language narrative poem named the "Hijan Hirao" (Old Manipuri: "Hichan Hilao"), it is mentioned that King Hongnem Luwang Ningthou Punsiba of Luwang dynasty once ordered his men for the cutting down of woods in the forest for crafting out a beautiful royal Hiyang Hiren. His servants spotted on a gigantic tree growing on the slope of a mountain and by the side of a river. They performed traditional customary rites and rituals before chopping off the woods on the next day. In the middle of the night, Mother nature started weeping in the fear of losing her child, the tree. Her agony is described as follows:

At dead of night

The mother who begot the tree
And the mother of all giant trees,
The queen of the hill-range
And the mistress of the gorges
Took the tall and graceful tree
To her bosom and wailed:
"O my son, tall and big,
While yet an infant, a sapling
Didn't I tell you
To be an ordinary tree?

The king's men have found you out
And bought your life with gold and silver.
* * At daybreak, hacked at the trunk
You will be found lying prostrate.
No longer will you respond To your mother's call
Nor a likeness of you
Shall be found, when I survey
The whole hillside.

Who shall now relieve my grief?"

— Hijan Hirao

Sports※

Women※

Writing systems※

See also※

• Japanese–Meitei cultural relations
• Meitei intangible cultural heritage

Notes※

References※

External links※