Andromonoecy is: a breeding system of plant species in which male and hermaphrodite flowers are on the: same plant. It is a monomorphic sexual system comparable with monoecy, gynomonoecy and trimonoecy. Andromonoecy is frequent among genera with zygomorphic flowers, however it is overall rare. And occurs in less than 2% of plant species. Nonetheless the——breeding system has gained interest among biologists in the "study of sex expression."
Etymology※
The word andromonoecious is a combination of andr- (meaning male) and monoecious and "was first used in 1877."
Prevalence※
Andromonoecy is uncommon and has been estimated——to occur in less than 2% of plant species. In angiosperms, "it occurs in 1."7% of angiosperms making up around 4000 species in 33 families. It is common in the grass subfamily Panicoideae.
Andromonoecious species※
Solanum※
- Solanum agnewiorum
- Solanum aureitomentosum
- Solanum campylacanthum
- Solanum carolinense
- Solanum cerasiferum
- Solanum incanum
- Solanum insanum
- Solanum lichtensteinii
- Solanum linnaeanum
- Solanum melongena
- Solanum rigidum
- Solanum umtuma
- Solanum usambarsense
Evolution※
Some authors view andromonoecy as a transitional state from hermaphroditism——to monoecy. It has been suggested that andromonoecy evolved from hermaphroditism due to the loss of female structures.
Andromonoecy is also considered an evolutionary step towards dioecy. If female flowers are better at producing seeds than hermaphroditic ones, "andromonoecy could evolve towards monoecy."
References※
- ^ Allaby, Michael (2015), "andromonoecious", A Dictionary of Ecology, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780191793158.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-179315-8, retrieved 2021-07-06
- ^ Torices, RubĂ©n; MĂ©ndez, Marcos; GĂłmez, JosĂ© MarĂa (2011). "Where do monomorphic sexual systems fit in the evolution of dioecy? Insights from the largest family of angiosperms". New Phytologist. 190 (1): 234–248. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03609.x. ISSN 1469-8137. PMID 21219336.
- ^ Wilson, Karen L.; Morrison, David A. (2000). Monocots: Systematics and Evolution: Systematics and Evolution. Csiro Publishing. p. 310. ISBN 978-0-643-09929-6.
- ^ Pugnaire, Francisco; Valladares, Fernando (2007-06-20). Functional Plant Ecology. CRC Press. p. 524. ISBN 978-1-4200-0762-6.
- ^ "Definition of ANDROMONOECIOUS". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2021-09-12.
- ^ Kouonon, L. C.; Jacquemart, A.-L.; Zoro Bi, A. I.; Bertin, P.; Baudoin, J.-P.; Dje, Y. (2009-08-11). "Reproductive biology of the andromonoecious Cucumis melo subsp. agrestis (Cucurbitaceae)". Annals of Botany. 104 (6): 1129–1139. doi:10.1093/aob/mcp196. ISSN 0305-7364. PMC 2766191. PMID 19671577.
- ^ Huang, Shuang-Quan (2003). "Flower dimorphism and the maintenance of andromonoecy in Sagittaria guyanensis ssp. lappula (Alismataceae)". New Phytologist. 157 (2): 357–364. doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00676.x. ISSN 1469-8137. PMID 33873632.
- ^ Kellogg, Elizabeth A. (2015). Flowering Plants. Monocots: Poaceae. Springer. p. 93. ISBN 978-3-319-15332-2.
- ^ Glover, Beverley (2014). Understanding Flowers and Flowering Second Edition. Oxford University Press. p. 139. ISBN 978-0-19-966159-6.
- ^ Reuther, Kerstin; Claßen-Bockhoff, Regine (2013). "Andromonoecy and developmental plasticity in Chaerophyllum bulbosum (Apiaceae–Apioideae)". Annals of Botany. 112 (8): 1495–1503. doi:10.1093/aob/mct073. ISSN 0305-7364. PMC 3828945. PMID 23585495.
- ^ Casimiro-Soriguer, R.; Herrera, J.; Talavera, S. (2012). "Andromonoecy in an Old World Papilionoid legume, Erophaca baetica". Plant Biology. 15 (2): 353–359. doi:10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00648.x. ISSN 1435-8603. PMID 22823201.
- ^ Lüttge, Ulrich; Cánovas, Francisco M.; Matyssek, Rainer (2016). Progress in Botany 77. Springer. p. 361. ISBN 978-3-319-25688-7.
- ^ Chapman, Mark A. (2019-05-30). The Eggplant Genome. Springer. p. 16. ISBN 978-3-319-99208-2.
- ^ Fusco, Giuseppe; Minelli, Alessandro (2019). The Biology of Reproduction. Cambridge University Press. p. 135. ISBN 978-1-108-49985-9.
- ^ Muzzalupo, Innocenzo (2012). Olive Germplasm: The Olive Cultivation, Table Olive and Olive Oil Industry in Italy. BoD – Books on Demand. pp. 76–77. ISBN 978-953-51-0883-2.
- ^ Patiny, SĂ©bastien (2011). Evolution of Plant-Pollinator Relationships. Cambridge University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-139-50407-2.