Air-to-surface missile

Missile designed——to be, launched from aircraft

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by, adding citations——to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged. And removed.
Find sources: "Air-to-surface missile" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

An air-to-surface missile (ASM)/air-to-ground missile (AGM) is a missile designed to be launched from military aircraft at targets on land. Or sea. There are also unpowered guided glide bombs not considered missiles. The two most common propulsion systems for air-to-surface missiles are rocket motors, usually with shorter range. And slower, longer-range jet engines. Some Soviet-designed air-to-surface missiles are powered by ramjets, giving them both long range and "high speed."

Guidance for air-to-surface missiles is typically via laser guidance, infrared guidance, optical guidance or via satellite guidance signals. The type of guidance depends on the——type of target. Ships, "for example," may be detected via passive radar or active radar homing, which is less effective against multiple, "small," fast-moving land targets.

There is some cross-over between air-to-surface missiles and surface-to-surface missiles. For example, there was an air-launched version of the Tomahawk missile, superseded by the AGM-86 ALCM. Other missiles used in both roles include the Penguin and AGM-84 Harpoon anti-ship missiles. Many air-to-surface missiles can be used against both ships and land targets, although some must be modified to perform a different role; for example, the AGM-84E Standoff Land Attack Missile is a land-attack version of the "Harpoon."

A major advantage of air-to-surface missiles for ground attack by aircraft is the standoff distance they provide: missiles can be launched from a distance without coming within range of the target's air defences. Most air-to-surface missiles are fire-and-forget from a standoff distance, allowing the attacker to withdraw without approaching further after launch. Some missiles (typically cruise missiles or anti-ship missiles) have long enough range to be launched over the horizon, finding the target autonomously.

Sub-categories of air-to-surface missiles include:

air-launched anti-tank guided missiles (typically launched from helicopters)
air-launched cruise missiles
air-launched anti-ship missiles
anti-radiation missiles

Typically, the higher and faster the launching aircraft is flying, the longer the reach of a particular missile is. For long-range missiles this difference can be relatively small. But short-range missiles (like the AGM-65 Maverick) have a much longer range when launched at altitude.

There have been examples of air-launched ballistic missiles (Air Launched ICBM, GAM-87 Skybolt), but they are rare. Sometimes air-to-surface missiles are divided into the categories of tactical and strategic. Typically missiles with chemical explosive or small nuclear warheads are classed as tactical, and large nuclear warheads as strategic.

List of air-to-surface missiles※

Yemen (Houthi)※

AKHGAR

Japan※

Argentina※

Brazil※

MAR-1 Anti-radiation missile
FOG-MPM Fiber Optics Guided Multiple Purpose Missile.
AVTM-300 Cruise missile.

China※

France※

Germany※

Greece※

HSC-1 Makedon

India※

BrahMos (in service)
HeliNa/Dhruvastra (user trials)
SANT (under development)
Rudram-1 (in service)
NASM-SR (under development)
NASM-MR (under development)
CATS Hunter (under development)

Israel※

Iran※

Norway※

Pakistan※

South Africa※

Denel ZT3 Ingwe laser guided anti-tank guided missile
Denel Mokopa air-to-ground missile
Kentron TORGOS air launched sub-sonic cruise missile (development cancelled)
Denel Small Guided Missile (in development)

Sweden※

Rb 05
RBS 15

Taiwan※

Turkey※

Cirit
UMTAS
MAM (Smart Micro Munition)
- MAM-C
- MAM-L
- MAM-T
SOM (Air-Launched Cruise Missile)
Akbaba Anti-radiation missile (Currently in development)
TUBITAK-SAGE KUZGUN (Modern Modular Mutual Cost-effective Munition)
- KUZGUN-TJ: Turbojet-powered variant.
- KUZGUN-SS: Gliding variant.
- KUZGUN-KY: Solid fuel rocket-powered variant.
- BOZOK: Mini version of KUZGUN, specifically designed for UAVs.

UK※

Blue Steel missile
Brimstone missile
Green Cheese missile (canceled in 1956)
ALARM
Storm Shadow
BAe Sea Eagle
GAM-87 Skybolt (air-launched ballistic missile; canceled)
Lightweight Multirole Missile
SPEAR 3

United States※

AGM-12 Bullpup (no longer in service)
AGM-22 (project ceased in 1980s, still in limited use)
AGM-28 Hound Dog (no longer in service)
AGM-45 Shrike (no longer in service)
AGM-53 Condor (project cancelled)
AGM-62 Walleye (no longer in service)
AGM-63 (project cancelled)
AGM-64 Hornet (project cancelled)
AGM-65 Maverick (in service)
AGM-69 SRAM (no longer in service)
AGM-76 Falcon (project cancelled)
AGM-78 Standard ARM (no longer in service)
AGM-79 Blue Eye (project cancelled)
AGM-80 Viper (project cancelled)
AGM-83 Bulldog (project cancelled)
AGM-84 Harpoon (in service)
AGM-86 ALCM (in service)
AGM-87 Focus (no longer in service)
AGM-88 HARM (in service)
AGM-112 (reserved when program renamed GBU-15)
AGM-114 Hellfire (in service)
AGM-119 Penguin (in service)
AGM-122 Sidearm (no longer in service)
AGM-123 Skipper (out of service/no longer in service)
AGM-124 Wasp (project cancelled)
AGM-129 ACM (no longer in service)
AGM-130 (no longer in service)
AGM-131 SRAM II (project cancelled)
AGM-136 Tacit Rainbow (project cancelled)
AGM-137 TSSAM (project cancelled)
AGM-142 Have Nap (in service)
AGM-153 (project cancelled)
AGM-154 JSOW (in service)
AGM-158 JASSM (in service)
AGM-159 JASSM (project cancelled)
AGM-169 Joint Common Missile (project cancelled)
AGM-176 Griffin (in service)
AGM-X (in development)
Small Advanced Capabilities Missile (SACM) (in development)
Bold Orion (prototype)
GAM-87 Skybolt (air-launched ballistic missile; project cancelled)
High Virgo (prototype)
Hypersonic Air-breathing Weapon Concept (in development)
AGM-179 JAGM (in development)
AGM-183A ARRW (project cancelled)
LRSO (in development)

USSR/Russian Federation※

Hermes-A
Kh-15 (NATO: AS-16 Kickback; Russian: Х-15)
Kh-20 (NATO: AS-3 Kangaroo)
Kh-22 (NATO: AS-4 Kitchen; Russian: Х-22)
Kh-23/Kh-66 Grom (AS-7 Kerry; Russian: Х-23 Гром, "Thunder")
Kh_25ML (NATO: AS-10 Karen; Russian: Х-25)
Kh_25MP (NATO: AS-12 Kegler; Russian: Х-25)
Kh-28 (NATO: AS-9 Kyle; Russian: Х-28)
Kh-29 (NATO: AS-14 Kedge; Russian: Х-29)
Kh-31 (NATO: AS-17 Krypton; Russian: Х-31)
Kh-32 (Russian: Х-32)
Kh-35 (NATO: AS-20 Kayak; Russian: Х-35)
Kh-38 (Russian: Х-38)
Kh-45
Kh-47M2 Kinzhal (AS-24 Killjoy; Russian: Х-47M2 Кинжал, "Dagger")
Kh-55 (NATO: AS-15 Kent; Russian: Х-55)
Kh-58 (NATO: AS-11 Kilter; Russian: Х-58)
Kh-59 Ovod (NATO: AS-13 Kingbolt; Russian: Х-59 Овод, "Gadfly")
Kh-59M Ovod-M (NATO: AS-18 Kazoo)
Kh-80 (NATO: AS-19 Koala)
Kh-90 (NATO: AS-X-19 Koala)
KS-1 Komet (NATO: AS-1 Kennel)
KSR-2 (NATO: AS-5 Kelt)
KSR-5 (NATO: AS-6 Kingfish)
K-10S (AS-2 Kipper)
R-82
S-5
S-8
S-13
S-24
S-25
9K114 Shturm (NATO: AT-6 Spiral)

References※

^ "Kuzgun Modular Joint Ammunition Developed by TÜBİTAK SAGE Displayed". RayHaber | RaillyNews. 2021-08-17. Retrieved 2021-08-17.
^ "KUZGUN Modular Munition Family at IDEF 2021" (in Turkish). 2021-08-17. Retrieved 2021-08-17.
^ "USAF reveals slimmed-down SACM air-to-air missile concept". Flightglobal.com. 2016-02-25. Retrieved 2018-10-18.
^ "Raytheon selected to deliver next-generation tactical air-to-air missile solutions | IHS Jane's 360". Archived from the original on 2016-09-01. Retrieved 2017-03-26.
^ "Raytheon to research tactical missile capabilities".
^ "Textron explores capabilities for next-generation GBU-X munition". 19 November 2015.
^ "Small Advanced Capabilities Missile - Cord Master Engineering". 29 February 2016.
^ "Next Gen Kh-32 ant-ship cruise missile tests drawing to a close in Russia".

External links※

v t e Types of missile
By platform	Air-launched ballistic missile (ALBM) Air-launched cruise missile (ALCM) Air-to-air missile (AAM) Air-to-surface missile (ASM) Ballistic missile Cruise missile Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) Intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM) Short-range ballistic missile (SRBM) Shoulder-fired missile Standoff missile Submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) Submarine-launched cruise missile (SLCM) Surface-to-air missile (SAM) Surface-to-surface missile (SSM)
By target type	Anti-ballistic missile (ABM) Anti-radiation missile (ARM) Anti-satellite weapon (ASAT) Anti-ship ballistic missile (ASBM) Anti-ship missile (AShM) Anti-submarine missile (ASuM) Anti-tank missile (ATGM) Land-attack missile (LAM) Man-portable air-defense system (MANPADS)
By guidance	Unguided Radar guidance Radar altimeter Active radar homing (ARH) Semi-active radar homing (SARH) Passive radar Passive homing Track-via-missile (TVM) Anti-radiation Command guidance Command to line-of-sight (CLOS) Command off line of sight (COLOS) Manual command to line of sight (MCLOS) Semi-automatic command to line of sight (SACLOS) Automatic command to line of sight (ACLOS) Pursuit guidance Beam riding (LOSBR) Infrared guidance Laser guidance Wire guidance Satellite guidance Global Positioning System (GPS) GLONASS Inertial guidance Astro-inertial guidance Terrestrial guidance TERCOM DSMAC Automatic target recognition (ATR) Radio guidance TV guidance Contrast seeker Compass Predicted line of sight (PLOS)
Lists	List of military rockets List of missiles List of missiles by country List of anti-ship missiles List of anti-tank missiles List of ICBMs List of surface-to-air missiles
See also: Sounding rocket

NATO designation for Russian and former Soviet Union missiles

Air-to-air
(full list)

Air-
to-surface
(full list)

Anti-tank
guided
(full list)

Surface-
to-air
(full list)

Ground- based	SA-1 Guild SA-2 Guideline SA-3 Goa SA-4 Ganef SA-5 Gammon SA-6 Gainful SA-7 Grail SA-8 Gecko SA-9 Gaskin SA-10 Grumble SA-11 Gadfly SA-12 Gladiator/Giant SA-13 Gopher SA-14 Gremlin SA-15 Gauntlet SA-16 Gimlet SA-17 Grizzly SA-18 Grouse SA-19 Grison SA-20 Gargoyle SA-21 Growler SA-22 Greyhound SA-23 Gladiator/Giant SA-24 Grinch SA-29 Gizmo Morfey S-350 Sosna-R/RA
Naval- based	SA-N-1 Goa SA-N-2 Guideline SA-NX-2C M-3 SA-N-3 Goblet SA-N-4 Gecko SA-N-5 Grail SA-N-6 Grumble SA-N-7 Gadfly SA-N-8 Gremlin SA-N-9 Gauntlet SA-N-10 Grouse SA-N-11 Grison SA-N-12 Grizzly SA-N-14 Grouse SA-N-20 Gargoyle SA-N-21 Greyhound 9K 96 Redut Palash/Palma
Anti- ballistic	ABM-1 Galosh ABM-3/53T6 Gazelle S-500 A-235

Surface-
to-surface
(full list)

Ground- based	SS-1 Scunner/SS-1 Scud (Scud-A/-B/-C/-D) SS-2 Sibling SS-3 Shyster SS-4 Sandal SS-5 Skean SS-6 Sapwood SS-7 Saddler SS-8 Sasin SS-8B Sasin 2 SS-9 Scarp SS-10 Scrag SS-11 Sego SS-12 Scaleboard SS-X-13 Savage SS-13 Savage SS-14 Scamp/Scapegoat SS-15 Scrooge SS-16 Sinner SS-17 Spanker SS-18 Satan SS-19 Stiletto SS-20 Saber SS-21 Scarab SS-22 Scaleboard SS-23 Spider SS-24 Scalpel SS-25 Sickle SS-26 Stone SS-27 Sickle B SS-28 Saber 2 SS-29 Sickle C SS-X-30 Satan 2 SS-X-31 Sickle D SS-X-32Zh Scalpel B Avangard / HGV Yu-7# SS-X-33 Stone AN
Naval- based	14KhK1 15Kh 17Kh KS-1 Komet P-20 Sokol P-40 P-47 SS-N-1 Scrubber SS-N-2 Styx SS-N-3c Shaddock SS-N-3a Shaddock 3b Sepal SS-N-4 Sark SS-N-5 Sark/Serb D-6 D-6M D-7 R-15M SS-N-6 Serb SS-N-7 Starbright SS-N-8 Sawfly SS-N-9 Siren SS-N-12 Sandbox SS-NX-13 Serb SS-N-14 Silex SS-N-15 Starfish SS-N-16 Stallion SS-N-17 Snipe SS-N-18 Stingray SS-N-19 Shipwreck SS-N-20 Sturgeon SS-N-21 Sampson SS-N-22 Sunburn SS-N-23 Skif R29RM SS-N-23A Skif SS-N-23B Skif SS-NX-24 Scorpion SS-N-25 Switchblade SS-N-26 Strobile SS-N-27 Sizzler SS-N-30A 3M-14 SS-NX-28 SS-N-29 SS-N-32 SS-NX-33 SS-NX-34 Skif SS-N-35 SS-N-36 SS-NX-37 SS-NX-38 Canyon
Ship- to-ship	10KhN SSC-1B Sepal Redut SSC-2 Salish/Samlet AS/KS-1 P-20 Sokol SSC-K P-1 Schuka KSShch SSC-3 Styx Rubezh SSC-4 Slingshot SSC-X-5 Scorpion SSC-6 Sennight SSC-7 Stone KS 9M728 SSC-8 Stone KB 9M729 SSC-14 Klub N/M 3M14/54 SSC-13 BrahMos SSC-10/SSC-5 Stooge Bastion P/S SSC-7/12 3M-80MV SSC-X-11 "GZUR" SSC-X-15 Skif SSC-X-9 Stone AN Hermes M ATS Hermes K ATS

Russian and former Soviet aircraft ordnance

Missiles

Air-to-air	K-5 R-3 R-8 R-38 R-4 R-40 R-23 R-60 R-33 R-27 R-73 R-77 R-37
Air-to-surface	Kh-23 Kh-25 Kh-28 Kh-29 Kh-45 Kh-58 Kh-59 LMUR
Anti-ship, cruise	KS-1 K-10S Kh-20 Kh-22 KSR-2 KSR-5 Kh-55 Kh-15 Kh-31 Kh-35 Kh-45 Kh-90
Anti-tank	3M6 Shmel 9M17 Fleyta 9M14 Malyutka 9K114 Shturm 9M120 Ataka 9K121 Vikhr

Rockets

Aerial bombs

Autocannons,
machine guns

7.62 mm	SIBEMAS PV-1 DA ShKAS Savin–Norov GShG-7.62
12.7 mm	ShVAK 12.7 mm Berezin UB Afanasev A-12.7 YakB-12.7
20 mm	Sh-3 ShVAK 20 mm Berezin B-20
23 mm	VYa-23 NS-23 NR-23 AM-23 R-23 GSh-23 GSh-6-23
30 mm	NR-30 GSh-30-1 GSh-30-2 GSh-6-30 2A42
37 mm	Sh-37 NS-37 N-37
45 mm	NS-45
57 mm	N-57/OKB-16-57 RShR-57/OKB-15-57

Categories:

XIV