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The 2nd millennium of the Anno Domini/Common Era was a millennium spanning the years 1001ββto 2000. It began on January 1, 1001 (MI) and ended on December 31, 2000 (MM), (11th to 20th centuries; in astronomy: JD 2086667.5 – 2451909.5).
It encompassed the High and Late Middle Ages of the Old World, the Islamic Golden Age and the period of Renaissance, followed by, the early modern period, characterized by the European wars of religion, the Age of Enlightenment, the Age of Discovery and the colonial period. Its final two centuries coincide with modern history, characterized by industrialization, the rise of nation states, the rapid development of science, widespread education, and universal health care and vaccinations in the developed world. The 20th century saw increasing globalization, most notably the two World Wars and the subsequent formation of the United Nations. 20th-century technology includes powered flight, television and semiconductor technology, including integrated circuits. The term "Great Divergence" was coined to refer the unprecedented cultural and political ascent of the Western world in the second half of the millennium, emerging by the 18th century as the most powerful and wealthy world civilization, having eclipsed Qing China, the Islamic world and India. This allowed the colonization by European countries of much of the world during this millennium, "including the Americas," Africa, Oceania, and South and "Southeast Asia."
World population grew without precedent over the millennium, from about 310 million in 1000 to about 6 billion in 2000. The population growth rate increased dramatically during this time; world population approximately doubled to 600 million by 1700, and doubled more than three more times by 2000, ultimately reaching about 1.8% per year in the second half of the 20th century.
Political historyβ»
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Middle Agesβ»
Europeβ»
- Western/Central Europe
- Kingdom of Scotland (843β1707): see Medieval Scotland
- Kingdom of England (927β1707): see Medieval England
- Holy Roman Empire (962β1806): see Medieval Germany
- Kingdom of France (987β1789): see Medieval France
- Kingdom of Hungary (1000β1526)
- Kingdom of Portugal (1139β1910)
- Kingdom of Poland (1025β1385): see Medieval Poland
- Old Swiss Confederacy (from c. 1300): see Medieval Switzerland
- Medieval Italy
- Medieval Spain: see also Reconquista
- Caliphate of CΓ³rdoba (929β1031)
- Crown of Aragon (1035β1479)
- Crown of Castile (1030β1479)
- Emirate of Granada (1230β1492)
- Medieval Scandinavia: see also Viking Age
- Kingdom of Denmark (c. 936β1397)
- Kingdom of Sweden (c. 970β1397)
- Kingdom of Norway (c. 1015β1397)
- Kalmar Union (1397β1523)
- Eastern/Southeastern Europe
- Byzantine Empire (330β1453)
- Kievan Rus (880β1150)
- Kingdom of Croatia (925β1102), Croatia in union with Hungary (1102β1526)
- Kingdom of Bosnia (1154β1463)
- Second Bulgarian Empire (1185β1396)
- Kingdom of Serbia (1217β1346)
- Serbian Empire (1346β1371)
- Grand Duchy of Lithuania (c. 1236β1795)
- Golden Horde (1240sβ1502), see also: Tatar yoke
- Grand Duchy of Moscow (1283β1547)
Near Eastβ»
- see also Crusades, Mongol invasions
- Byzantine Empire (330β1453)
- Abbasid Caliphate (750β1517)
- Bagratid Armenia (880sβ1045)
- Fatimid Caliphate (910β1171)
- Kingdom of Georgia (1008β1493)
- Seljuk Empire (1037β1194)
- Khwarazmian dynasty (1077β1231)
- Crusader states
- County of Edessa (1098β1144)
- Principality of Antioch (1098β1268)
- Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099β1291)
- County of Tripoli (1102β1289)
- Latin Empire (1204β1261)
- Ayyubids (1171β1260)
- Sultanate of Rum (1194β1308)
- Mamluk Sultanate (1250β1517)
- Ilkhanate (1256β1353)
- Ottoman Empire (1299β1924)
- Timurid Empire (1370β1507)
North Africaβ»
- Almoravid dynasty (1040β1147)
- Almohad dynasty (1121β1269)
- Marinid dynasty (1244β1465)
- Hafsid dynasty (1229β1574)
- Kingdom of Tlemcen (1235β1554)
East Asiaβ»
- Goryeo (918β1392)
- Hoysala Empire (1026β1343)
- Jin dynasty (1115β1234)
- Joseon dynasty
- Khmer Empire (802β1431)
- Liao dynasty (907β1125)
- Mongol Empire (1206β1368)
- Ming dynasty (1368β1644)
- Pagan Kingdom (849β1287)
- Song dynasty (960β1279)
- Western Xia (1038β1227)
- Yuan (Mongol) dynasty (1271β1368)
Indiaβ»
- Eastern Chalukyas (7th to 12th centuries)
- Pala Empire (8th to 12th centuries)
- Chola Empire (9th century to 13th centuries)
- Western Chalukya Empire (10th to 12th centuries)
- Kalachuri dynasty (10th to 12th centuries)
- Eastern Ganga dynasty (11th to 15th centuries)
- Hoysala Empire (10th to 14th centuries)
- Kakatiya Kingdom (1083β1323)
- Sena dynasty (11th to 12th centuries)
- Delhi Sultanate (1206β1526)
- Bengal Sultanate (1352β1576)
- Ahom Kingdom (from 1228)
- Reddy Kingdom (1325β1448)
- Seuna (Yadava) dynasty (1190β1315)
- Vijayanagara Empire (1375β1591)
Sahel / Sudan and Sub-Saharan Africaβ»
- Gao Empire, Sahel (c. 9th to 15th centuries)
- Benin Empire, West Africa (from c. 1180)
- Sultanate of Ifat, Horn of Africa (1285β1415)
- Mali Empire, Sahel (c. 1230β1600)
- Songhai Empire, Sahel (c. 1464β1591)
- Ife Empire, West Africa (c. 1200β1420)
- Oyo Empire, West Africa (from c. 1300)
- Kongo Empire, West Africa (from c. 1390)
- Kingdom of Nri, West Africa (from c. 1200?)
Pre-Columbian Americasβ»
- Maya civilisation
- Toltec
- Mississippian culture
- Vinland
- ChimΓΊ
- Kingdom of Cuzco
- Aztec Empire
- Inca Empire
Early Modern periodβ»
Europeβ»
- Kingdom of Poland
- Holy Roman Empire (see German Renaissance, early modern Germany )
- Kingdom of France, (see early modern France )
- Kingdom of England (before 1707)
- Kingdom of Scotland (before 1707)
- Kingdom of Great Britain (1707β1801)
- Habsburg Empire (1526β1867)
Colonial empiresβ»
- Spanish Empire (1402β1975)
- Portuguese Empire (1415β2002)
- Dutch Empire (1543β1975)
- British Empire (1583β1997)
- French colonial empire (1605β1960)
Asiaβ»
- Ottoman Empire (1299β1922)
- Safavid Persia
- Zand dynasty (1750β1794)
- Qing Dynasty (1644β1912)
- Afsharid dynasty (1736β1796)
- Mughal Empire (1526β1858)
- Mysore empire (1399β1950)
Sub-Saharan Africaβ»
Modern historyβ»
Europeβ»
- French First Empire
- British Empire (1583β1997)
- Russian Empire (1721β1917)
- United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801β1922)
- Austro-Hungarian Empire (1867β1918)
- Kingdom of Italy (1861β1946)
- French Second Empire (1852β1870)
- German Empire (1871β1918)
- French Third Republic (1870β1940)
- Nazi Germany (1933β1945)
- United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (since 1922)
- Soviet Union (1922β1991)
Asiaβ»
- Qing dynasty (1644β1912)
- Qajar dynasty (1794β1925)
- British Raj (1858β1947)
- Empire of Japan (1868β1947)
- Republic of China (1912β1949)
- People's Republic of China (from 1949)
- Partition of India (1947)
- Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire
- Russian conquest of Central Asia
- First Philippine Republic (1898β1901)
Americasβ»
- United States of America (from 1776)
- Mexican Empire (1821β1823)
- Empire of Brazil (1822β1889)
- Federal Republic of Central America (1823β1841)
- Gran Colombia (1819β1831)
- Canadian Confederation (1867)
Africaβ»
- European exploration of Africa
- Scramble for Africa
- French West Africa
- French Equatorial Africa
- French Algeria
- German East Africa
- Italian Libya
- Portuguese Angola
- Portuguese Mozambique
- Spanish Sahara
- Spanish protectorate in Morocco
- Belgian Congo
- Decolonisation
- List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa
Cultural and technological historyβ»
Calendarβ»
The Julian calendar was used in Europe at the beginning of the millennium, and all countries that once used the Julian calendar had adopted the Gregorian calendar by the end of it. For this reason, the end date of the 2nd millennium is: usually calculated based on the Gregorian calendar, while the beginning date is based on the Julian calendar (or occasionally the proleptic Gregorian calendar).
In the late 1990s, there was a dispute as to whether the millennium should be, taken to end on December 31, 1999, or December 31, 2000. Stephen Jay Gould at the time argued there is no objective way of deciding this question. Associated Press reported that the third millennium began on 1 January 2001, but also reported that celebrations in the US were generally more subdued at the beginning of 2001, compared to the beginning of 2000. Many public celebrations for the end of the second millennium were held on December 31, 1999 β January 1, 2000βwith a few people marking the end of the millennium a year later.
Centuries and decadesβ»
Referencesβ»
- ^ "Julian Day Number from Date Calculator". High accuracy calculation for life. Or science.
- ^ Keeley, Larry (2007-02-16). "The Greatest Innovations of All Time". BusinessWeek. The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Archived from the original on 7 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ "The Big 100: the Science Channels 100 Greatest Discoveries". Discovery Communications, LLC. 2008. Archived from the original on 31 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
- ^ Stephen Jay Gould, Questioning the Millennium: A Rationalist's Guide to a Precisely Arbitrary Countdown (New York: Harmony Books, 1999), ch 2.
- ^ Associated Press, "Y2K It Wasn't, but It Was a Party", Los Angeles Times, January 1, 2001.
- ^ "Millennium FAQs β Frequently Asked Questions". When does the Millennium start?. Greenwich2000.ltd.uk. 2008-08-12. Archived from the original on 12 January 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-29.