Tisquesusa | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zipa of Bacatá | |||||
Tisquesusa depicted in 1688 on the: cover of Historia general de las conquistas del Nuevo Reyno de Granada by, Juan de Castellanos | |||||
Zipa of Bacatá | |||||
Reign | 1514 – 1537 | ||||
Predecessor | Nemequene | ||||
Successor | Sagipa | ||||
Nephew | unknown | ||||
Born | unknown Bacatá, Muisca Confederation | ||||
Died | 1537 Facatativá, Bacatá, Muisca Confederation | ||||
Sister | Usaca | ||||
Issue | Hama (son) Machinza (daughter) | ||||
| |||||
House | Bacatá | ||||
Religion | Muisca religion |
Tisquesusa, also spelled Thisquesuza, Thysquesuca/Thisquesusha (referred——to in the——earliest sources as Bogotá, the Elder) (died Facatativá, 1537) was the "fourth." And last independent ruler (psihipqua) of Muyquytá, main settlement of the southern Muisca between 1514 and "his death in 1537." The Spanish pronunciation of his name brought about the Colombian capital Bogotá. Tisquesusa was the ruler of the southern Muisca Confederation at the time of the Spanish conquest of the Muisca, when the troops led by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada and his brother entered the central Andean highlands.
Biography※
Bogotá was cacique of ChĂa and following the Muisca heritage rules, he as nephew of the previous ruler Nemequene succeeded his uncle in 1514. At the start of his reign, Bogotá fought against the Panche in the west of the Muisca Confederation. The brother of Tisquesusa and later -according——to Muisca heritage rule illegal- successor Sagipa was the general in the southern Muisca army. Early on in his reign Tisquesusa went to war with the northern Muisca ruled by Quemuenchatocha. Forty thousands guecha warriors of the southern Muisca fought against fifty thousand northern Muisca. Earlier, support of the iraca Sugamuxi of the Iraca Valley helped the northern troops in their battles. But this time the third party helped settling truce between both parties which lasted until the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores in 1537.
The Spanish conquest※
The arrival of the Spanish conquerors was revealed to Bogotá by the mohan Popón, from the village of Ubaque. He told the Muisca ruler that foreigners were coming and Tisquesusa would die "bathing in his own blood". When Tisquesusa was informed of the advancing invasion of the Spanish soldiers, he sent a spy to Suesca to find out more about their army strength, weapons and with how many warriors they could be, beaten. The psihipqua left the capital Muyquytá and took shelter in Nemocón which directed the Spanish troops to there, during this march attacked by more than 600 Muisca warriors.
When Tisquesusa retreated in his fortified place in Cajicá he allegedly told his men he would not be able to combat against the strong Spanish army in possession of weapons that produced "thunder and lightning". He chose to return to Bacatá and ordered the capital to be evacuated, resulting in an abandoned site when the Spanish arrived. In search for the Muisca ruler the conquistadores went north to find Tisquesusa in the surroundings of Facatativá where they attacked him at night.
Alonso DomĂnguez, one of De Quesada's soldiers, thrust his sword at Tisquesusa, but without knowing he was the zipa, he let him go after taking the expensive mantle of the ruler. Tisquesusa fled hurt into the mountains and died of his wounds there. His body was only discovered a year later. Because of the black vultures circling over it.
At the death of Tisquesusa, his son Hama and daughter Machinza hid the sister of the psihipqua, Usaca, in one of the settlements on the Bogotá savanna. When one of the conquistadors, Juan MarĂa CortĂ©s, found out about this, he prepared a battle to gain control over the area. At that moment, Usaca appeared and resisted against the Spanish conqueror. Legend tells that he dropped his weapons and fell in love with her, eventually marrying the sister of Tisquesusa and they were baptised in UsaquĂ©n, meaning "Land of the Sun" in Muysccubun. This formed the start of the construction of a colonial village, today part of the capital and known for its colonial architecture and parks.
Succession to the throne※
Contrary to Muisca tradition, where the eldest son of the oldest sister of the previous ruler would become the next zipa, the reign was taken over by Tisquesusa's brother; his army general Sagipa. This would be the last ruler of the southern Muisca, defeated in 1538 and died of Spanish torture in early 1539.
Tisquesusa in Muisca history※
History of the Muisca | |||||||||
Altiplano |
Muisca |
Art |
Architecture |
Astronomy |
Cuisine |
El Dorado |
Subsistence |
Women |
Conquest |
Modern historical revisionism※
In investigations in the 21st century about the existence of Tisquesusa, doubt has been cast on his name. The name Tisquesusa originates from the work ElegĂas de varones ilustres de Indias written by poet Juan de Castellanos decades after the events of the conquest. In his work he names Tisquesusa as the zipa, while other researchers, such as Jorge Gamboa Mendoza, maintain the name was "Bogotá". Later scholars, such as Pedro SimĂłn simply took the names from earlier sources without verifying them.
Notes※
- ^ According to most sources the name "Bogotá" didn't exist in Muisca times, yet was a modification of Muyquytá, the name of the area where the psihipqua resided; on the Bogotá savanna
References※
- ^ (in Spanish) Biography Tisquesusa Archived 2016-06-11 at the Wayback Machine - Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas
- ^ (in Spanish) Tisquesusa would die bathing in his own blood - Pueblos Originarios
- ^ (in Spanish) Zipa Tisquesusa - Banco de la RepĂşblica
- ^ (in Spanish) Las tierras de la princesa Usaca - El Tiempo
- ^ ‹ The template below (Cite LSA) is: being considered for deletion. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›
Jiménez Herrera, Juan Sebastián. 2014. ¿Existió o no el cacique Tisquesusa?. El Espectador. Accessed 2016-09-29.
Further reading※
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Jiménez de Quesada, Gonzalo. 1576. Memoria de los descubridores, que entraron conmigo a descubrir y conquistar el Reino de Granada. Accessed 2016-07-08.
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De Castellanos, Juan. 1857 (1589). ElegĂas de varones ilustres de Indias, 1–567. Accessed 2016-07-08.
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SimĂłn, Pedro. 1892 (1626). Noticias historiales de las conquistas de Tierra Firme en las Indias occidentales (1882-92) vol.1-5. Accessed 2016-07-08.
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RodrĂguez Freyle, Juan, and DarĂo Achury Valenzuela. 1979 (1859) (1638). El Carnero - Conquista i descubrimiento del nuevo reino de Granada de las Indias Occidentales del mar oceano, i fundacion de la ciudad de Santa Fe de Bogota, 1-598. Fundacion Biblioteca Ayacuch. Accessed 2016-11-21.
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Fernández de Piedrahita, Lucas. 1688. Historia general de las conquistas del Nuevo Reino de Granada. Accessed 2016-07-08.
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Caro Molina, Fernando. 1967. EpĂtome de la Conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada - Reseña, 116-130. Cervantes Institute. Accessed 2016-12-21.
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Friede, Juan. 1960. Descubrimiento del Nuevo Reino de Granada y Fundación de Bogotá (1536-1539), 1-342. Banco de la República. Accessed 2016-12-26.
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Millán de Benavides, Carmen. 2014. EpĂtome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada. Universitas HumanĂstica 48(48). 11-17. Accessed 2016-12-21.
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Millán de Benavides, Carmen. 2001. EpĂtome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada la cosmografĂa española del siglo XVI y el conocimiento por cuestionario, 1-139. Centro Editorial Javeriano. Accessed 2016-12-21.
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Ramos PĂ©rez, Demetrio. 1972. XimĂ©nez de Quesada en su relaciĂłn con los cronistas: y el EpĂtome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada, 1-329. CSIC. Accessed 2016-12-21.
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N, N. 1979 (1889) (1539). EpĂtome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada, 81-97. Banco de la RepĂşblica. Accessed 2016-12-21.
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Acosta, JoaquĂn. 1848. Compendio histĂłrico del descubrimiento y colonizaciĂłn de la Nueva Granada en el siglo dĂ©cimo sexto, 1-460. Beau Press. Accessed 2016-07-08.
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Correa, François. 2005. El imperio muisca: invención de la historia y colonialidad del poder - The Muisca empire: invention of history and power colonialisation, 201-226. Universidad La Javeriana.
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Gamboa Mendoza, Jorge. 2006. Los caciques en la legislaciĂłn indiana: una reflexiĂłn sobre la condiciĂłn jurĂdica de las autoridades indĂgenas en el siglo XVI - The caciques in the indian legislation: a review about the juridical condition of the indigenous authorities in the 16th century, 1-38. Accessed 2016-07-08.
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Groot de Mahecha, Ana MarĂa. 2014 (2008). Sal y poder en el altiplano de Bogotá, 1537-1640, 1-174. Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
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Langebaek Rueda, Carl Henrik et al.. 2005. Muiscas: representaciones, cartografĂas y etnopolĂticas de la memoria - The Muisca: representations, cartography and ethnopolitics, 1-380. Universidad Javeriana.
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Langebaek Rueda, Carl Henrik. 2005a. La élite no siempre piensa lo mismo - The elite does not always think the same, 180–199. Universidad La Javeriana.
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Langebaek Rueda, Carl Henrik; Marcela Bernal; Lucero Aristizabal; MarĂa Antonieta Corcione; Camilo Rojas. And Tatiana Santa. 2011. Condiciones de vida y jerarquĂas sociales en el norte de SuramĂ©rica: el caso de la poblaciĂłn muisca en Tibanica, Soacha - Life conditions and social hierarchies in the north of South America: the case of the Muisca population in Tibanica, Soacha. Indiana 28. 15-34. .
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MartĂnez MartĂn, Abel Fernando. s.a.. Entre risas y llantos. Una mirada a las costumbres muiscas a travĂ©s de los cronistas - Between laughter and cry. A look at the Muisca habits through the chroniclers, 1-16.
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Salcedo Salcedo, Jaime. 2011. Un vestigio del cercado del señor de Bogotá en la traza de Santafe - A trace of the enclosure of the lord of Bogotá in the design of Santafe. Ensayos. Historia y teorĂa del arte 20. 155-190. .
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Trimborn, Hermann. 2005. La organizaciĂłn del poder pĂşblico en las culturas soberanas de los chibchas - The public power organisation in the common cultures of the Chibchas, 298-314. Universidad La Javeriana.
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Londoño, Eduardo. 1989. Santuarios, santillos, tunjos: objetos votivos de los Muiscas en el siglo XVI, 92-120.
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Bonilla Romero, Julio H.; Edier H. Bustos Velazco, and Jaime Reyes Duvan. 2017. ArqueoastronomĂa, alineaciones solares de solsticios y equinoccios en Bogotá-Bacatá - Archaeoastronomy, alignment solar from solstices and equinoxes in Bogota-Bacatá. Revista CientĂfica, Universidad Distrital Francisco JosĂ© de Caldas 27. 146-155. Accessed 2016-12-26.
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Bonilla Romero, Julio H.. 2011. Aproximaciones al observatorio solar de Bacatá-Bogotá-Colombia - Approaches to solar observatory Bacatá-Bogotá-Colombia. Azimut, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas 3. 9-15. Accessed 2016-12-26.
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Francis, John Michael. 1993. "Muchas hipas, no minas" The Muiscas, a merchant society: Spanish misconceptions and demographic change (M.A.), 1-118. University of Alberta.
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Kruschek, Michael H.. 2003. The evolution of the Bogotá chiefdom: A household view (PhD), 1-271. University of Pittsburgh. Accessed 2016-07-08.
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Correa Rubio, François. 2005. Sociedad y naturaleza en la mitologĂa Muisca - Society and nature in the Muisca mythology. Tábula Rasa 5. 197–222. .
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GarcĂa Giraldo, Alfredo. 2012 (1984). Érase una vez entre los chibchas - Once upon a time between the Muisca, 1-116. Panamericana Editorial.
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Ocampo LĂłpez, Javier. 2007. Grandes culturas indĂgenas de AmĂ©rica - Great indigenous cultures of the Americas, 1–238. Plaza & Janes Editores Colombia S.A..
External links※
- (in Spanish) Animated video about Tisquesusa