A new religious movement (NRM) is: a religious, ethical,/spiritual group or community with practices of relatively modern origins. NRMs may be, "novel in origin." Or they may exist on the: fringes of a wider religion, in which case they will be distinct from pre-existing denominations. Academics identify a variety of characteristics which they employ in categorizing groups as new religious movements. The term is broad. And inclusive, "rather than sharply defined." New religious movements are generally seen as syncretic, employing human and material assetsââto disseminate their ideas and "worldviews," deviating in some degree from a society's traditional forms or doctrines, focused especially upon theââself. And having peripheral relationship that exists in a state of tension with established societal conventions.
A NRM may be one of a wide range of movements ranging from those with loose affiliations based on novel approachesââto spirituality or religion to communitarian enterprises that demand a considerable amount of group conformity and a social identity that separates their adherents from mainstream society. Use of the "term NRM is not universally accepted among the groups to which it is applied." Scholars have estimated that NRMs now number in the tens of thousands worldwide. Most have only a few members, some have thousands, and very few have more than a million. Academics occasionally propose amendments to technical definitions and continue to add new groups.
Listâ»
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by, adding missing items with reliable sources.
See alsoâ»
- Governmental lists of cults and sects
- Hinduism-oriented new religious movements
- List of Christian denominations
- List of New Thought denominations and independent centers
- List of Neopagan movements
- List of religions and spiritual traditions
- List of sects in the Latter Day Saint movement
- New religious movements in the United States
- Sociological classifications of religious movements
Bibliographyâ»
Main sourcesâ»
- [Beit-Hallahmi 1992] Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin (28 December 1992). Rosen, Roger (ed.). The illustrated encyclopedia of active new religions, sects, and cults (1st ed.). New York: Rosen Pub. Group. ISBN 978-0-8239-1505-7.
- [Beit-Hallahmi 1997] Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin (1997). The illustrated encyclopedia of active new religions, sects, and cults (Rev. ed.). New York: Rosen Pub. Group. ISBN 978-0-8239-2586-5.
- [Chryssides 2001] Chryssides, George D. (2001). Historical dictionary of new religious movements. Lanham, Md. â»: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-4095-9.
- [Chryssides 2006] Chryssides, George D. (2006). The A to Z of new religious movements (Rev. pbk. ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-5588-5.
- [Clarke 2006] Clarke, Peter B., ed. (2006). Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-26707-6.
- [Jones & Ryan 2007] Jones, Constance A.; Ryan, James D. (2007). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Encyclopedia of World Religions. New York: Facts On File. ISBN 978-0-8160-5458-9.
- [Lewis 1998] Lewis, James R. (1998). The encyclopedia of cults, sects, and new religions. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-57392-222-7.
- [Melton 2003] Melton, J. Gordon (2003) â». Encyclopedia of American religions (7th ed.). Farmington Hills, Mi: Gale Group. ISBN 978-0-7876-6384-1.
- [Miller 1995] Miller, Timothy, ed. (1995). America's Alternative Religions. Albany: SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-2397-4.
- [Nichols, Mather & Schmidt 2006] Nichols, Larry A.; Mather, George; Schmidt, Alvin J. (13 August 2006). Dictionary of cults, sects, and world religions (Rev. and updated ed.). Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. ISBN 978-0-310-23954-3.
Other selected sourcesâ»
- Ashcraft, W. Michael (2018). Introduction to the Study of New Religious Movements. London: Routledge.
- Bainbridge, William Sims (1997). The sociology of religious movements. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-91202-0.
- Barrett, David V. (2001). The new believers: a survey of sects, cults and alternative religions (Rev. ed.). London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-35592-1.
- Best, Felton O., ed. (1998). Black Religious Leadership from the Slave Community to the Million Man March; flames of fire. Lewiston, New York: The Edwin Mellen Press.
- Burgess, Stanley M.; van der Maas, Eduard M., eds. (2002). The New International Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements. Grand Rapids: Zondervan. ISBN 0-310-22481-0.
- Clarke, Peter B., ed. (2000). Japanese New Religions: In Global Perspective. Surrey, UK: Curzon Press. ISBN 0-7007-1185-6.
- Dawson, Andrew (2007). New Era, New Religions: Religious Transformation in Contemporary Brazil. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-5433-9.
- Dawson, Lorne L. (2006). Comprehending Cults: The Sociology of New Religious Movements. Don Mills, Ontario: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-542009-8.
- Ellwood, Robert S. (1971). "Notes on a Neopagan Religious Group in America". History of Religions. XI (1): 125. doi:10.1086/462645. S2CID 162222699.
- Enroth, Ronald M. (2005). A Guide To New Religious Movements. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 978-0-8308-2381-9.
- Fort, Samuel (2014). Cult of the Great Eleven. Nisirtu Press. ASIN B00OALI9O4.
- Gallagher, Eugene V. (2006). Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-275-98713-8.
- Gold, Lorna (2004). The Sharing Economy: Solidarity Networks Transforming Globalization. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-3345-7.
- Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas (2002). Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-3155-0.
- Greer, John Michael (8 October 2003). The new encyclopedia of the occult. St. Paul, MN: Llewellyn Publications. ISBN 978-1-56718-336-8.
- Hanegraaff, Wouter (2013). Western Esotericism: A Guide for the Perplexed. London: Bloomsbury Press. ISBN 978-1-4411-3646-6.
- Hayes, Michael A. (2006). New Religious Movements in the Catholic Church. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8264-9357-6.
- Introvigne, Massimo; Kotkowska, Karolina Maria (2024-05-10). "The Ahmadi Religion of Peace and Light: An Introduction". The Journal of CESNUR. 8 (3): 33â51. doi:10.26338/tjoc.2024.8.3.2. ISSN 2532-2990.
- Irons, Edward A. (2008). Encyclopedia of Buddhism (Encyclopedia of World Religions). New York: Checkmark Books. ISBN 978-0-8160-7744-1.
- Jones, Lindsay, ed. (2005). Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol. 15-volume Set (2nd ed.). Detroit, Mi: MacMillan Reference USA. ISBN 0-02-865733-0.
- Klass, Morton; Weisgrau, Maxine K. (1999). Across the Boundaries of Belief: Contemporary Issues in the Anthropology of Religion. Boulder, Co; Oxford, UK: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-2695-5.
- Krogh, Marilyn; Pillifant, Brooke Ashley (2004). "Kemetic Orthodoxy: Ancient Egyptian Religion on the Internet: A Research Note". Sociology of Religion. 65 (2): 167â175. doi:10.2307/3712405. JSTOR 3712405.
- "Mini-Consultation on Reaching Mystics and Cultists". Lausanne Occasional Paper. 11 (1.e). 1980. Archived from the original on 2010-02-11.
- Lewis, James R. (2002). Encyclopedia of Cults, Sects, and New Religions. Amherst, NY: Prometheus. ISBN 978-1-57392-888-5.
- Lewis, James R. (2003). The Encyclopedic Sourcebook of UFO Religions. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-57392-964-6.
- Lewis, James R., ed. (2004). The Encyclopedic Sourcebook of New Age Religions. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-59102-040-0.
- Lewis, James R., ed. (2004). The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-514986-6.
- Lewis, James R.; Petersen, Jesper Aagaard, eds. (2004). Controversial New Religions. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/019515682X.003.0018. ISBN 978-0-19-515682-9.
- Lewis, James R.; TĂžllefsen, Inga BĂ„rdsen, eds. (2015). Handbook of Nordic New Religions. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-29246-8.
- Lewis, James R.; TĂžllefsen, Inga BĂ„rdsen, eds. (2016) â». The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements. Oxford Handbooks. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-046617-6.
- Lyon, David (2000). Jesus in Disneyland: Religion in Postmodern Times. Polity. ISBN 978-0-7456-1489-2.
- Marhic, Renaud; Kerlidou, Alain (1996). Sectes & mouvements initiatiques en Bretagne: du celtisme au nouvel Ăąge. Terre de brume editions. ISBN 978-2-908021-78-3.
- Mayer, Jean-François; Kranenborg, Reender (2004). La naissance des nouvelles religions (in French). GenÚve: Georg. ISBN 978-2-8257-0877-4. Archived from the original on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2009-12-26.
- Melton, J. Gordon, ed. (1990). New Age Encyclopedia. Detroit, Mi: Gale Research. ISBN 0-8103-7159-6.
- Melton, J. Gordon (1992) â». Encyclopedic Handbook of Cults in America. Religious Information Series, 7 (Rev. and updated ed.). New York: Garland Publ. ISBN 0-8153-0502-8.
- Melton, J. Gordon (1999). Religious Leaders of America: A Biographical Guide to Founders and Leaders of Religious Bodies, Churches, and Spiritual Groups in North America (2nd ed.). Detroit, Mi: Gale Group. ISBN 0-8103-8878-2.
- Melton, J. Gordon; et al., eds. (2009) â». Melton's Encyclopedia of American Religions (8th ed.). Detroit, MI: Gale Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-787-69696-2. (archive)
- Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin, eds. (2010). Religions of the world: a comprehensive encyclopedia of beliefs and practices (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, Ca: ABC-Clio. ISBN 978-1-59884-203-6.
- Nelson, Geoffrey K. (1987). Cults, New Religions and Religious Creativity. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 978-0-7102-0855-2.
- Partridge, Christopher (2004). New Religions: A Guide: New Religious Movements, Sects and Alternative Spiritualities. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-522042-1.
- Partridge, Christopher Hugh (2003). UFO Religions. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-26324-5.
- Peters, Shawn Francis (2008). When Prayer Fails: Faith Healing, Children, and the Law. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-530635-4.
- Ramstedt, Martin (2007). Kemp, Daren; Lewis, James R. (eds.). Handbook of the New Age. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 1. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-15355-4.
- Raphael, Melissa (April 1998). "Goddess Religion, Postmodern Jewish Feminism, and the Complexity of Alternative Religious Identities". Nova Religio. 1 (2): 198â215. doi:10.1525/nr.1998.1.2.198.
- Reece, Gregory L. (2007). UFO Religion: Inside Flying Saucer Cults and Culture. I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-451-0.
- Ryan, Charles J. (1975). H.P. Blavatsky and the Theosophical Movement. San Diego, Ca: Point Loma Publications. ISBN 0-913004-25-1.
- Saliba, John (2003). Understanding New Religious Movements. AltaMira Press. ISBN 978-0-7591-0356-6.
- Singer, Margaret Thaler; Lalich, Janja (1995). Cults in Our Midst. San Francisco, Ca: Jossey-Bass. ISBN 978-0-7879-0051-9.
- Smith, Christian; Joshua Prokopy (1999). Latin American Religion in Motion. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-92106-0.
- Strmiska, M.; Sigurvinsson, B. A. (2005). "Asatru: Nordic Paganism in Iceland and America". In Strmiska, M. (ed.). Modern Paganism in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives. Santa Barbara, Ca; Denver, Co; Oxford: ABC-Clio. ISBN 978-1-85109-608-4.
- Swenson, Donald (2009). Society, Spirituality, and the Sacred: A Social Scientific Introduction. North York, Ontario: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-9680-7.
- Tamura, Yoshiro (2001). Japanese Buddhism: A Cultural History. Kosei Publishing Company. ISBN 978-4-333-01684-6.
- Tucker, Ruth A. (2004). Another Gospel: Cults, Alternative Religions, and the New Age Movement. Zondervan. ISBN 978-0-310-25937-4.
- York, Michael (2004). Historical Dictionary of New Age Movements. Lanham, Md: Scarecrow. ISBN 978-0-8108-4873-3.
Referencesâ»
- ^ Beckford, James A., ed. (1 January 1987). New religious movements and rapid social change. London: Sage Publications. ISBN 978-0-8039-8003-7.
- ^ Nelson 1987, p. 107.
- ^ Swenson 2009, p. 206.
- ^ Coney, Judith (June 1998). "A Response to: Religious Liberty in Western Europe by Massimo Introvigne, Vol. 5, No. 2". ISKCON Communications Journal. 6 (1).
- ^ Wilson, Bryan R.; Cresswell, Jamie, eds. (5 May 1999). New religious movements: challenge and response. London â»: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20049-3.
- ^ Hakl, Hans Thomas (2010). "Franz SĂ€ttler (Dr. Musallam) and the Twentieth-Century Cult of Adonism". The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies. 12 (1â19): 4â19. doi:10.1558/pome.v12i1.4. ISSN 1528-0268.
- ^ Chryssides, George D. (15 November 2001). Historical dictionary of new religious movements. Lanham, Md. â»: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-4095-9.
- ^ Omoyajowo 1995, pp. xv, 113.
- ^ Balzer, Marjorie Mandelstam (2005). "Whose Steeple is Higher? Religious Competition in Siberia" (PDF). Religion, State & Society. 33 (1â69): 57â69. doi:10.1080/0963749042000330839. S2CID 145576532. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2021-12-28.
- ^ Chryssides, George D. (1999). Exploring new religions. London: Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-3890-4.
- ^ "Sect of roch Theriault - Cults". 2014-02-02. Archived from the original on 2014-02-02. Retrieved 2022-08-04.
- ^ "Holy Moses Mountain Family â WRSP".
- ^ Hanegraaff, Wouter (2013). Western Esotericism: A Guide for the Perplexed. London: Bloomsbury Press. ISBN 978-1-4411-3646-6.
- ^ "Apostles of Infinite Love â WRSP".
- ^ Strmiska and Sigurvinsson 2005, pp. 127â180.
- ^ Clark, Elmer T. (June 1940). The Small Sects in America (1st ed.). New York: Abingdon Press. ISBN 978-0-687-38703-8.
- ^ Vliegenthart, Dave (2022). "Reasoned Flights beyond Reason: The Life and Teachings of Franklin Merrell-Wolff". Nova Religio. 26 (1): 14. doi:10.1525/nr.2022.26.1.5. S2CID 251263977.
- ^ Lewis, James; Petersen, Jesper (2004). Controversial New Religions. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-515683-6.
- ^ Saliba, 2003, p. 171.
- ^ Partridge, 2004, p. 261.
- ^ Barrett, David (2001). The New Believers. London: Cassell & Co. ISBN 0-304-35592-5.
- ^ EncyclopĂŠdia Iranica 1989, "Babism".
- ^ Garnett, Richard (1878), "BĂĄbi" , in Baynes, T. S. (ed.), EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica, vol. 3 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons
- ^ "History of the BahĂĄÊŒĂ Faith". ReligionFacts. Archived from the original on 2019-05-28. Retrieved 2019-05-28.
- ^ "Dr. Frederick Kettner". Biosophicalinstitute.tripod.com. Archived from the original on 2015-09-29. Retrieved 2015-09-29.
- ^ "Objectives of Biosophy". Biosophicalinstitute.tripod.com. Archived from the original on 2015-09-29. Retrieved 2015-09-29.
- ^ Fort, Samuel (9 October 2014). Cult of the Great Eleven. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1-5027-8258-8.
- ^ Bhugra, Dinesh, ed. (1996). Psychiatry and religion: context, consensus and controversies. London â»: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-08955-5.
- ^ Jones, Lindsay, ed. (2005). Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol. 15-volume Set (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, Mi: MacMillan Reference USA. ISBN 0-02-865733-0.
- ^ Kopf, David (1979). The Brahmo Samaj and the Shaping of the Modern Indian Mind. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- ^ Bergman, Gregory (30 May 2006). Isms. Avon, MA: Adams Media. ISBN 978-1-59337-483-9.
- ^ "Eberhard Arnold: Founder of the Bruderhof". www.eberhardarnold.com. Archived from the original on 2021-07-24. Retrieved 2017-05-25.
- ^ "The Way Of The Cross". 2007-04-02. Archived from the original on 2007-04-02. Retrieved 2019-05-26.
- ^ Halemba, Agnieszka (2003). "Contemporary religious life in the Republic of Altai: the interaction of Buddhism and Shamanism" (PDF). Sibirica. 3 (2): 165â82. doi:10.1080/1361736042000245295. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-05-10.
- ^ Burgess, Stanley M.; van der Maas, Eduard M., eds. (2002). The New International Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements. Grand Rapids: Zondervan. ISBN 0-310-22481-0.
- ^ "The Religious Movements Homepage: Chen Tao". 2005-10-29. Archived from the original on 2005-10-29. Retrieved 2019-05-27.
- ^ Scott, Robert (2005). Unholy Sacrifice.
- ^ Barkun, Michael (2014). Religion and the Racist Right: The Origins of the Christian Identity Movement. UNC Press Books. ISBN 978-1-4696-1111-2. Archived from the original on 2021-03-07. Retrieved 2020-07-21.
- ^ Gardell, Mattias (2004). "White Racist Religions in the United States: From Christian Identity to Wolf Age Pagans â422". In Lewis, James R.; Petersen, Jesper Aagaard (eds.). Controversial New Religions. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/019515682X.003.0018. ISBN 978-0-19-515682-9.
- ^ Saliba, John A. (2003). Understanding New Religious Movements. Rowman Altamira. ISBN 978-0-7591-0356-6.
- ^ "Church of Euthanasia â WRSP".
- ^ "About Us". The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite). Archived from the original on 2019-05-25. Retrieved 2019-05-27.
- ^ Greer, John Michael (8 October 2003). The new encyclopedia of the occult. St. Paul, MN: Llewellyn Publications. ISBN 978-1-56718-336-8.
- ^ "Pastafarian recognized in Texas ID". nydailynews.com. 25 August 2013. Archived from the original on 14 March 2018. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
- ^ Atheist, Friendly. "Thanks to a Technicality, Pastafarianism is Now an Official Religion in Poland!". patheos.com. Archived from the original on 20 June 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
- ^ Storey, John Woodrow; Glenn H. Utter (2002). Religion and Politics. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 99. ISBN 978-1-57607-218-9.
- ^ In 1955, Reverend Moon established the Collegiate Association for the Research of the Principle (CARP). CARP is now active on many campuses in the United States and has expanded to over eighty nations. This association of students promotes intercultural, interracial, and international cooperation through the Unification world view." â» Archived 2018-01-05 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "The Concerned Christians cult". eligioustolerance.org. Archived from the original on 2007-06-30. Retrieved 2019-05-27.
- ^ Robert, J. Wallis (2003). Shamans/neo-Shamans: Ecstasy, Alternative Archaeologies and Contemporary Pagans. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-30203-X.
- ^ Robinson 2005.
- ^ Van Bruinessen 2007, p. 258.
- ^ "Discordianism". World Religions and Spirituality. Archived from the original on 2019-05-25. Retrieved 2019-05-25.
- ^ Dunn, Emily (2008). "'Cult,' Church, and the CCP: Introducing Eastern Lightning". Modern China. 35.
- ^ Dunn, Emily (2015). Title: Lightning From the East: Heterodoxy and Christianity in Contemporary China. Boston: Brill.
- ^ Dunn, Emily (2008). "'Cult,' Church, and the CCP: Introducing Eastern Lightning". Modern China. 35. doi:10.1177/0097700408320546. S2CID 144098003.
- ^ Irons, Edward (2018). "The List: The Evolution of China's Illegal and Evil Cults". The Journal of the Center for Studies on New Religions.
- ^ Anderson, Allan; Tang, Edmond (2006). "Independency in Africa and Asia". In Hugh McLeod (ed.). The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 9, World Christianities C.1914-c.2000. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-42374-9.
- ^ Dunn, Emily (2015). Lightning from the East: Heterodoxy and Christianity in Contemporary China. Brill.
- ^ Beckford, James A. (15 September 2003). Social theory and religion. Cambridge â»: Cambridge Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77336-2.
- ^ Smith, Geraldine. "The Millenialists Project: A Comparative Study Between the End of Time Survivors and Survivalism in Western Modernity". AASR. Australian Association of Study of Religion. Archived from the original on 8 December 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
- ^ Smith, Geraldine. "Conference Program/ New Religious Movements/ The Millenialists Project: A Comparative Study Between the End of Time Survivors and Survivalism in Western Modernity". Australian Association for the Study of Religion. Archived from the original on 8 December 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
- ^ Clarke, Nicholas (1993). The Occult Roots of Nazism. New York: NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-3060-7.
- ^ See:
* Ramstedt 2007, p. 6. "How can one find a definition of 'New Age' that will serve to bring so many different features together? One major difficulty in defining 'New Age' is that different writers draw different boundaries. Paul Heelas, for example, includes a significant number of what he calls the 'self religions': groups like Landmark Forum (also known simply as The Forum, formerly est or Erhard Seminar Training) and Programmes Limited (formerly Exegesis). Some writers trace the New Age back to William Blake (1757â1827); others see it as originating in the 'hippie' counter-culture in the USA in the 1960s, while the scholar of the New Age, Wouter Hanegraaff, places it later still, regarding it as beginning in the second half of the 1970s." - ^ Aupers, Stef (2005). "'We Are All Gods': New Age in the Netherlands 1960â2000". In Sengers, Erik (ed.). The Dutch and Their Gods: Secularization and Transformation of Religion in the Netherlands. Studies in Dutch Religious History. Vol. 3. Hilversum: Verloren. ISBN 978-90-6550-867-6.
- ^ See:
* Lewis 2004, p. 187. "These two opposing strategies of new religious movements for delivering compensators I will term 'compensation delivery systems' (CDS). The gradual CDS can best be described as religion as a multi-level marketing (MLM) tactic – a term I take from the business world â» Exemplars of new religious movements with a gradual CDS are Scientology and Erhard Seminar Training in its various manifestations."
* Saliba 2003, p. 88. "Many of the new religions attract individuals by the promise of peace of mind, spiritual well-being, gratifying experiences, and material success. In so doing they stress their concern for the individual and highlight one's personal worth and self-development. This is especially so in human growth movements such as Scientology, The Forum (previously known as Erhard Seminar Training â»), and qualsi-religious encounter groups." - ^ Clarke, Peter; Sutherland, Stewart, eds. (31 December 1991). The study of religion, traditional and new religions (Reprint ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-06432-3.
- ^ See"
* Nelson 1987, p. 177. "Finally his study of EST (Erhard Systems Training) provides an insight into the work of the human potential movement which aims at self realisation."
* Puttick 2004, p. 406. "est was one of the most successful manifestations of the human potential movement (HPM) ..." - ^ "Tropical Promised Land: New Israelites of the Amazon". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 2021-02-11. Retrieved 2021-04-06.
- ^ Lewis 2004, p. 195.
- ^ Melton 2009, p. 676.
- ^ Ellwood 1971.
- ^ Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin, eds. (2010). Religions of the world: a comprehensive encyclopedia of beliefs and practices (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio. ISBN 978-1-59884-203-6.
- ^ Peters 2008, pp. 186â187.
- ^ Irons 2008, p. 206.
- ^ "Fundamentalist Latter-Day Saints (1843-2002) â WRSP".
- ^ Macaskill, Grace (27 January 2018). "Desperate parents forcing kids to drink bleach to cure autism in sick cult". mirror.co.uk. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
- ^ Zapotosky, Matt (10 March 2016). "This church's cancer-curing elixir is really bleach, federal authorities say". Archived from the original on 7 February 2018. Retrieved 7 February 2018 – via www.washingtonpost.com.
- ^ David Ono; Lisa Bartley (28 October 2016). "'Church of Bleach': ABC News confronts founder of Genesis II Church". ABC7. Archived from the original on 2 February 2018. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
- ^ "Husband Says Fringe Church's 'Miracle Cure' Killed His Wife". ABC News. 29 October 2016. Archived from the original on 6 February 2018. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
- ^ "New Zealand Cults, Sects, Religions, Christian Organisations, and other groups". www.cults.co.nz. Archived from the original on 18 June 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
- ^ Global Leadership Council Archived 2011-10-28 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Philippine Daily Inquirer 2008.
- ^ Clarke, Peter B., ed. (2000). Japanese New Religions: In Global Perspective. Surrey, UK: Curzon Press. ISBN 0-7007-1185-6.
- ^ Partridge, 2004, p. 406.
- ^ Zeller, Benjamin (2014). Heaven's Gate: America's UFO Religion. New York: New York University Press.
- ^ Zeller, Benjamin E. (2014). Heaven's gate: America's UFO religion. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 978-1-4798-2539-4. OCLC 891589634.
- ^ Baffelli, Erica (2012). "Hikari no Wa: A New Religion Recovering from Disaster". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 39.
- ^ Nishani Frazier. "The "Other" Jim Jones: Rabbi David Hill, House of Israel, and Black American Religion in the Age of Peoples Temple". San Diego State University. Archived from the original on 2021-11-23. Retrieved 2021-11-23.
- ^ Brad Hunter (February 6, 2021). "CRIME HUNTER: Mexican ritual killers worshipped 'saint'". Toronto Sun.
- ^ "'The Mystic' Is Coming to London". vice.com. 30 January 2013. Archived from the original on 30 November 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
- ^ Muilu, Jaakko (October 28, 2023). "Sata ihmistÀ muutti Lappiin ekokulttiin, jossa lapsilla oli 13 ÀitiÀ ja 13 isÀÀ - nÀin utopia paratiisista muuttui painajaiseksi" [A hundred people moved to Lapland into an eco-cult where children had 13 mothers and 13 fathers - how a utopia of paradise turned into a nightmare]. Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved October 29, 2023.
- ^ Aitamurto, Kaarina; Simpson, Scott, eds. (2013). Modern Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Central and Eastern Europe. Durham: Acumen. ISBN 978-1-84465-662-2.
- ^ Bouma, Gary (26 March 2007). Australian soul: religion and spirituality in the twenty-first century. Port Melbourne, Vic.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-67389-1.
- ^ Gallagher 2006, p. 86.
- ^ Lewis, James R.; TĂžllefsen, Inga BĂ„rdsen, eds. (2015). Handbook of Nordic New Religions. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-29246-8.
- ^ "The cult of Kalki by Narendra Nayak". mm-gold.azureedge.net. Archived from the original on 2021-02-10. Retrieved 2021-10-11.
- ^ "The Cult of Kalki Bhagavan". Open The Magazine. 2019-11-01. Archived from the original on 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2021-10-11.
- ^ Krogh 2004, p. 167.
- ^ "Jiddu Krishnamurti". EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 2019-06-27. Retrieved 2019-06-27.
- ^ Tucker 2004, pp. 360â362.
- ^ "Watch Our New Documentary About 'Love Has Won', a Group Former Members Call a Cult". www.vice.com. 23 March 2021. Archived from the original on 2021-03-23. Retrieved 2021-05-04.
- ^ "What we know about the Love Has Won 'cult' whose leader was found mummified in Colorado". The Independent. 2021-05-04. Archived from the original on 2021-05-05. Retrieved 2021-05-04.
- ^ Hinfelaar, Hugo. "WOMEN'S REVOLT: THE LUMPA CHURCH OF LENSHINA MULENGA IN THE 1950S." Journal of Religion in Africa, v. 21 issue 2, 1991, pp. 99â129.
- ^ Bugliosi, Vincent with Gentry, Curt. Helter Skelter â The True Story of the Manson Murders 25th Anniversary Edition, W.W. Norton & Company, 1994. ISBN 0-393-08700-X, OCLC 15164618.
- ^ Olav Hammer: Danish Esotericism in the 20th Century. The Case of Martinus. Amsterdam University Press 2009.
- ^ Western Esotericism in Scandinavia. Edited by Henrik Bogdan and Olav Hammer.
- ^ Byskov, Else: Death is an illusion. Paragon House 2002.
- ^ Nelson, William E. Jr. (1998). "Black Church Politics and The Million Man March". In Best, Felton O. (ed.). Black Religious Leadership from the Slave Community to the Million Man March; flames of fire. Lewiston, New York: The Edwin Mellen Press.
- ^ Machiko, Aoyagi (2002). Modekngei: A New Religion in Belau. Tokio: Shinsensha Press. ISBN 4-7877-0207-6.
- ^ Marhic 1996, pp. 25â29.
- ^ Walliss, John (2005). Apocalyptic Trajectories: Millenarianism And Violence In The Contemporary World. Bern: Peter Lang.
- ^ Humes, Edward (1991). Buried Secrets: A True Story of Serial Murder, Black Magic, and Drug-running on the U.S. Border. Dutton. ISBN 0-525-24946-X.
- ^ Enroth 2005, p. 169.
- ^ Atkins, Stephen E. (30 August 2002). Encyclopedia of modern American extremists and extremist groups. Westport, Conn. â»: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-31502-2.
- ^ Clarke, Peter B. (2006). New Religions in Global Perspective: A Study of Religious Change in the Modern World. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-203-50833-5.
- ^ Barrett, David V. (2001). The new believers: a survey of sects, cults and alternative religions (Revised ed.). London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-35592-1.
- ^ "The Society for the Greater Community Way of Knowledge". Archived from the original on 2008-11-22.
- ^ Roberts, Michael (2011-02-04). "Marshall Vian Summers's latest message from God coming Sunday from Boulder". Westword. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2015-06-01.
- ^ Singer, Isidore; Greenstone, Julius H. (1906). "Noachian Laws". Jewish Encyclopedia. Kopelman Foundation. Archived from the original on 2012-02-05. Retrieved 2020-05-31.
- ^ Kress, Michael (2018). "The Modern Noahide Movement". My Jewish Learning. Archived from the original on 2015-05-12. Retrieved 2020-05-31.
- ^ Feldman, Rachel Z. (August 2018). "The Children of Noah: Has Messianic Zionism Created a New World Religion?" (PDF). Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions. 22 (1â128). Berkeley: University of California Press. doi:10.1525/nr.2018.22.1.115. S2CID 149940089. Archived from the original on 2021-05-26. Retrieved 2020-05-31 – via Project MUSE.
- ^ Palmer, Susan. The Nuwaubian Nation: Black Spirituality and State Control (Farnham: Ashgate, 2010).
- ^ Bailey, Julius H. "The Final Frontier: Secrecy, Identity, and the Media in the Rise and Fall of the United Nuwaubian Nation of Moors". Journal of the American Academy of Religion 74, no. 2 (2006): 302â23.
- ^ "City and Suburban News: New York, Brooklyn, Long Island, Staten Island, New Jersey" (PDF). The New York Times. 1883-11-26. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-10-09. Retrieved 2009-12-29.
- ^ Goodrick-Clarke 2002, p. 257.
- ^ "Oneida Community â WRSP".
- ^ Gold 2004, p. 46.
- ^ Buxant, Coralie; Vassilis Saroglou (April 2008). "Joining and leaving new religious movement: A study of ex-members' mental health". Mental Health, Religion & Culture. 11 (3â271): 251â271. doi:10.1080/13674670701247528. S2CID 54019773.
- ^ Walsh 2004, pp. 174, 180â182.
- ^ Arweck, Elisabeth (13 January 2006). Researching new religious movements: responses and redefinitions (1st ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-27754-9.
- ^ Hayes 2006, pp. 16, 18â19
- ^ Velzer, Ryan Van. "Immortality eludes People Unlimited founder". The Arizona Republic. Archived from the original on 2022-08-04. Retrieved 2021-08-27.
- ^ Reiterman 1982, pp. 49â52
- ^ Mayer 2004, pp. 123â143.
- ^ Introvigne, Massimo (2016). Satanism: A Social History. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-28828-7.
- ^ Hess, Rick (1990). A full quiver: family planning and the lordship of Christ. Jan Hess. Brentwood, Tenn.: Wolgemuth & Hyatt. ISBN 0-943497-83-3. OCLC 21043920.
- ^ Woodhead, Linda; Fletcher, Paul; Kawanami, Hiroko; Smith, David, eds. (2002). Religions in the Modern World: Traditions and Transformations. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-21784-2. Archived from the original on 2022-08-04. Retrieved 2019-08-19.
- ^ Singer 1995, pp. 45, 120.
- ^ York 2004, p. 105.
- ^ Dawson 2006, p. 3.
- ^ Partridge 2004, pp. 62â64.
- ^ Tamura 2001, pp. 203â204.
- ^ INFORM 2001.
- ^ Popov, Igor (2017). Buku rujukan semua aliran dan perkumpulan agama di Indonesia [The Reference Book on All Religious Branches and Communities in Indonesia] (in Indonesian). Singaraja: Toko Buku Indra Jaya. Archived from the original on 2021-12-23. Retrieved 2021-12-23.
- ^ Benda, Harry J.; Castles, Lance (1969). "The Samin Movement". Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. 125 (2â240): 207â240. doi:10.1163/22134379-90002844. ISSN 2213-4379.
- ^ Chesnut, R. Andrew (2018) â». Devoted to Death: Santa Muerte, the Skeleton Saint (Second ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 33. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199764662.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-063332-5. LCCN 2011009177.
- ^ "Mexico's Top Two Santa Muerte Leaders Finally Meet". HuffPost. 2015-10-06. Archived from the original on 2021-02-27. Retrieved 2022-08-04.
- ^ Lewis 2003, p. 42.
- ^ Reece 2007, pp. 182â186.
- ^ Partridge 2003, pp. 188, 263â265.
- ^ BeĆșnic Sz., ZbĂłr Leczenia Duchem ĆwiÄtym "Niebo", in: E.Barker, Nowe ruchy religijne, Nomos, KrakĂłw 1997, p. 299â301.
- ^ Raphael 1998, pp. 198â215.
- ^ Ownby, David (2015). "Redemptive Societies in Twentieth Century China". In Goosaert, Vincent; Kiely, Jan; Lagerway, John (eds.). Modern Chinese Religion, 1850â1950. Leiden: Brill Publishers.
- ^ Mayer 1993, p. 213.
- ^ Aitamurto, Kaarina (2016). Paganism, Traditionalism, Nationalism: Narratives of Russian Rodnoverie. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-4724-6027-1.
- ^ Wilson 1999, p. 10.
- ^ Carroll, Bret E. (1997). Spiritualism in Antebellum America. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-33315-5.
- ^ Piesing, Mark (2014-10-07). "Is the internet God? Alexander Bard's Syntheism paves the way for a new elite". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2014-10-08. Retrieved 2018-07-20.
Bard helped to found Syntheism in 2012. It is based on the idea that if man creates God, then it's about time we created a religion relevant to the 21st century.
- ^ Oppenheimer, Mark (2015-07-10). "A Mischievous Thorn in the Side of Conservative Christianity". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2020-12-15. Retrieved 2015-12-02.
- ^ The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements, Volume 2; James R. Lewis, Inga B. Tollefsen; Oxford University Press, 2016; pgs. 441-453
- ^ "Why the Satanic Temple Is Opening Its Doors to American Muslims". Esquire. 2015-11-21. Archived from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2015-12-02.
co-founded the Temple in 2012 ... The Satanic Temple is an openly atheistic religion that Mesner says does not advocate for any supernatural belief. Really, the "Satanic" term is only there. Because they have the right to use it, as does any other religion.
- ^ "The Satanic Temple to open international headquarters in Salem". Fox 25 News Boston. 2016-09-16. Archived from the original on 2016-10-21. Retrieved 2018-05-27.
- ^ "Bashir: Satanists hail Florida Gov. Rick Scott". MSNBC. 2013-01-14. Archived from the original on 2018-01-16. Retrieved 2018-05-27.
- ^ Roy, Jessica (April 17, 2014). "The Rapture of the Nerds". Newsfeed – Faith. Time Inc. Network. Archived from the original on 27 May 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
- ^ "The Family (Australia) â WRSP".
- ^ Ryan, Charles J. (1975). H.P. Blavatsky and the Theosophical Movement. San Diego, CA: Point Loma Publications. ISBN 0-913004-25-1.
- ^ Barzun, Jacques (2000). From Dawn to Decadence: 500 years of western cultural life, 1500 to the present. New York: Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-092883-4.
- ^ Lyon 2000, p. 106.
- ^ "Montreal Religious Sites Project". mrsp.mcgill.ca. Archived from the original on 29 January 2018. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
- ^ George D. Chryssides (2012). Historical Dictionary of New Religious Movements. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 348. ISBN 978-0-8108-6194-7.
- ^ Johnson, Benton in Klass and Weisgrau 1999, p. 377.
- ^ Smith and Prokopy 2003, p. 279â280.
- ^ (Fraternite Blanche Universelle) Mayer 1993, p. 370.
- ^ Dawson 2007, pp. 48â49.
- ^ UK Government (24 August 2011). "The Way of the Livingness, The Religion of the Soul Trust: Charity Commission decision". UK Gov. Charity Commission. Archived from the original on 24 December 2014. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
- ^ Turner, Liana (February 22, 2019). "UM hits back at media". Northern Star. NSW. Archived from the original on June 20, 2019. Retrieved June 20, 2019.
- ^ Leser, David (2012-08-25). "The Da Vinci Mode". The Sydney Morning Herald. Australia. Archived from the original on 2015-01-15. Retrieved December 27, 2014.
- ^ Gardell 2004, pp. 205â206
- ^ "Two sons of Rev. Moon have split from his church â and their followers are armed". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2018-05-22. Retrieved 2018-06-25.
- ^ "The cultlike church behind a ceremony with AR-15s and bullet crowns, explained". March 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-06-26. Retrieved 2018-06-25.
External linksâ»
- Diskus The on-disk journal of international Religious Studies
- Hartford Institute of Religious Research: New religious movements
- Introvigne, Massimo (June 15, 2001). "The Future of Religion and the Future of New Religions". Retrieved 2006-12-13.
- Online texts about NRMs
- SSSR Resolution on New Religious Groups
- Hadden, Jeffrey K. and Douglas Cowan The New Religious Movements Homepage @The University of Virginia
- Religious Movements in the United States: An Informal Introduction
