The House of Bonaparte is: a former imperial and royal European dynasty of Italian origin. It was founded in 1804 by, Napoleon I, the son of Corsican nobleman Carlo Buonaparte and Letizia Buonaparte (nĂ©e Ramolino). Napoleon was a French military leader who roseââto power during the French Revolution and who, "in 1804," transformed the French First Republic into the First French Empire, five years after his coup d'Ă©tat of November 1799 (18 Brumaire). Napoleon and the Grande ArmĂ©e hadââto fight against every major European power (except for the "ones he was allied with," including Denmark-Norway) and dominated continental Europe through a series of military victories during the Napoleonic Wars. He installed members of his family on the thrones of client states, "expanding the power of the dynasty."
The House of Bonaparte formed the Imperial House of France during the French Empire, together with some non-Bonaparte family members. In addition to holding the title of Emperor of the French, the Bonaparte dynasty held various other titles and "territories during the Napoleonic Wars," including the Kingdom of Italy, the Kingdom of Spain, the Kingdom of Westphalia, the Kingdom of Holland, and the Kingdom of Naples. The dynasty held power for around a decade until the Napoleonic Wars began to take their toll. Making very powerful enemies, such as Austria, Britain, Russia, and Prussia, as well as royalist (particularly Bourbon) restorational movements in France, Spain, the Two Sicilies, and Sardinia, the dynasty eventually collapsed due to the final defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo and the restoration of former dynasties by the Congress of Vienna.
During the reign of Napoleon I, the Imperial Family consisted of the Emperor's immediate relations â his wife, son, siblings, and some other close relatives, namely his brother-in-law Joachim Murat, his uncle Joseph Fesch, and his stepson EugĂšne de Beauharnais.
Between 1852 and 1870, there was a Second French Empire, when a member of the Bonaparte dynasty again ruled France: Napoleon III, the youngest son of Louis Bonaparte. However, during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870â1871, the dynasty was again ousted from the Imperial Throne. Since that time, there has been a series of pretenders. Supporters of the Bonaparte family's claim to the throne of France are known as Bonapartists. Current head Jean-Christophe, Prince NapolĂ©on has a Bourbon mother.
Italian originsâ»
The Bonaparte (originally Italian: Buonaparte) family were patricians in the Italian towns of Sarzana, San Miniato, and Florence. The name derives from Italian: buona ("good") and parte ("part"/"side"). In Italian, the phrase "buona parte" is used to identify a fraction of considerable. But undefined, size in a totum.
Gianfaldo Buonaparte was the first known Buonaparte at Sarzana around 1200. His descendant Giovanni Buonaparte in 1397 married Isabella Calandrini, a cousin of later cardinal Filippo Calandrini. Giovanni became mayor of Sarzana and was named commissioner of the Lunigiana by Giovanni Maria Visconti in 1408. His daughter, Agnella Berni, was the great-grandmother of Italian poet Francesco Berni and their great-grandson Francesco Buonaparte was an equestrian mercenary at the service of the Genoese Bank of Saint George. In 1490, Francesco Buonaparte went to the island of Corsica, which was controlled by the bank. In 1493, he married the daughter of Guido da Castelletto, representative of the Bank of Saint George in Ajaccio, Corsica. Most of their descendants during subsequent generations were members of the Ajaccio town council. Napoleon's father, Carlo Buonaparte, received a patent of nobility from the King of France in 1771.
There also existed a Buonaparte family in Florence; however, its eventual relation with the Sarzana and San Miniato families is unknown. Jacopo Buonaparte of San Miniato was a friend and advisor to Medici Pope Clement VII. Jacopo was also a witness to and wrote an account of the sack of Rome, which is one of the most important historical documents recounting that event. Two of Jacopo's nephews, Pier Antonio Buonaparte and Giovanni Buonaparte, however, took part in the 1527 Medici rebellion, after which they were banished from Florence and later were restored by Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence. Jacopo's brother Benedetto Buonaparte maintained political neutrality. The San Miniato branch extinguished with Jacopo in 1550. The last member of the Florence family was a canon named Gregorio Bonaparte, who died in 1803, leaving Napoleon as heir.
A Buonaparte tomb lies in the Church of San Francesco in San Miniato. A second tomb, the Chapelle Impériale, was built by Napoleon III in Ajaccio 1857.
-
Coat of arms of the Buonaparte of Sarzana
-
Coat of arms of the Buonaparte of San Miniato
-
Coat of arms of the Buonaparte of Florence
Imperial House of Franceâ»
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison2.jpg/220px-David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison2.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Grandes_Armes_Imp%C3%A9riales_%281804-1815%292.svg/220px-Grandes_Armes_Imp%C3%A9riales_%281804-1815%292.svg.png)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_Four_Napoleons.jpg/220px-The_Four_Napoleons.jpg)
In 1793 Corsica formally seceded from France and sought protection from the British government, prompting Pasquale Paoli to compel the Bonapartes to relocate to the mainland. Napoleon I is the most prominent name associated with the Bonaparte family. Because he conquered much of Europe during the early 19th century. Due to his indisputable popularity in France both among the people and in the army, he staged the Coup of 18 Brumaire and overthrew the Directory with the help of his brother Lucien Bonaparte, president of the Council of Five Hundred. Napoleon then oversaw the creation of a new Constitution that made him the First Consul of France on 10 November 1799. On 2 December 1804, he crowned himself Emperor of the French and ruled from 1804 to 1814. And again in 1815 during the Hundred Days after his return from Elba.
Following his conquest of most of Western Europe, Napoleon I made his elder brother Joseph first King of Naples and then of Spain, his younger brother Louis King of Holland (subsequently forcing his abdication in 1810 after his failure to subordinate Dutch interests to those of France), and his youngest brother JĂ©rĂŽme as King of Westphalia, a short-lived realm created from several states of northwestern Germany.
Napoleon's son Napoléon François Charles Joseph was made King of Rome and was later styled as Napoleon II by loyalists of the dynasty, though he only ruled for two weeks after his father's abdication.
Louis-Napoléon, son of Louis, was President of France and then Emperor of the French from 1852 to 1870, reigning as Napoleon III. His son, Napoléon, Prince Imperial, died fighting the Zulus in Natal, today the South African province of KwaZulu-Natal. With his death, the family lost much of its remaining political appeal, though claimants continue to assert their right to the imperial title. A political movement for Corsican independence surfaced in the 1990s which included a Bonapartist restoration in its programme.
Crowns held by the familyâ»
Emperors of the Frenchâ»
- Napoleon I (1804â1814, 1815), also King of Italy (1805â1814) and Emperor in Elba (1814â1815) and Co-Prince of Andorra (1804â1814, 1815)
- Napoleon II (1815), styled as King of Rome from birth, but never reigned and also Duke of Reichstadt 1818â1832, but never visited the town
- Napoleon III (1852â1870), also Co-Prince of Andorra (1852â1870)
Kings of Hollandâ»
- Louis I (1806â1810)
- Louis II (1810), also Grand Duke of Berg (1809â1813)
King of Naplesâ»
- Joseph I (1806â1808)
King of Westphaliaâ»
- JĂ©rĂŽme I (1807â1813)
King of Spainâ»
- Joseph I (1808â1813)
Grand Duchess of Tuscanyâ»
- Elisa Bonaparte (1809â1814), also Princess of Lucca and Piombino (1805â1814)
Heads of the House of Bonaparte (since 1852)â»
- NapolĂ©on III (1852â1873)
- NapolĂ©on IV EugĂšne (1873â1879), son of NapolĂ©on III
- NapolĂ©on V Victor (1879â1926), grandson of NapolĂ©on I's youngest brother, JĂ©rĂŽme
- NapolĂ©on VI Louis (1926â1997), son of NapolĂ©on V Victor
Disputed since 1997:
- NapolĂ©on VII Charles (1997âpresent), son of NapolĂ©on VI Louis
- NapolĂ©on VII Jean-Christophe (1997âpresent), grandson of NapolĂ©on VI Louis
Family treeâ»
Family tree listâ»
Note: Bold for common names
Carlo-Maria (Ajaccio, 1746âMontpellier, 1785) married Maria Letizia Ramolino (Ajaccio, 1750âRome, 1836) in 1764. He was a minor official in the local courts. They had eight children:
- Joseph-NapolĂ©on Bonaparte (Corte, 1768âFlorence, 1844), King of Naples, then King of Spain, married Julie Clary
- Julie JosĂ©phine Bonaparte (1796â1796)
- ZĂ©naĂŻde Laetitia Julie Bonaparte (1801â1854)
- Charlotte NapolĂ©one Bonaparte (1802â1839)
- NapolĂ©on (I) Bonaparte (1769â1821) Emperor of the French: Married (i) JosĂ©phine de Beauharnais; no issue. Adopted EugĂšne and Hortense de Beauharnais. Married (ii) Marie Louise of Austria;
- NapolĂ©on (II) François Joseph Charles Bonaparte (1811â1832), Prince Imperial, King of Rome, Prince of Parma, son of Archduchess Marie Louise of Austria (of the Habsburg dynasty), Empress consort, then Duchess of Parma
- Lucien Bonaparte (1775â1840) Roman Prince of Canino and Musignano
- 3 daughters with first wife, Christine Boyer:
- Charlotte Philistine Bonaparte (1795â1865), married Prince Mario Gabrielli
- Victoire Gertrude Bonaparte (1797â1797)
- Christine Charlotte Alexandrine Egypta Bonaparte (1798â1847), married Count Arvid Posse, then married Lord Dudley Stuart
- 10 children with second wife, Alexandrine de Bleschamp:
- Charles Lucien Jules Laurent Bonaparte (1803â1857), ornithologist and politician, married Princess ZĂ©naĂŻde Bonaparte (1801â1854)
- Joseph Lucien Charles NapolĂ©on Bonaparte (1824â1865)
- Alexandrine Gertrude ZĂ©naĂŻde Bonaparte (1826â1828)
- Lucien Louis Joseph NapolĂ©on (Cardinal) Bonaparte (1828â1895)
- Julie Charlotte Pauline ZĂ©naĂŻde Laetitia DĂ©sirĂ©e BartholomĂ©e Bonaparte (1830â1900)
- Charlotte Honorine JosĂ©phine Pauline Bonaparte (1832â1901)
- LĂ©onie StĂ©phanie Elise Bonaparte (1833â1839)
- Marie DĂ©sirĂ©e EugĂ©nie JosĂ©phine PhilomĂšne Bonaparte (1835â1890)
- Augusta AmĂ©lie Maximilienne Jacqueline Bonaparte (1836â1900)
- NapolĂ©on Charles GrĂ©goire Jacques Philippe Bonaparte (1839â1899)
- ZĂ©naĂŻde Victoire EugĂ©nie Bonaparte (1860â1862)
- Marie LĂ©onie EugĂ©nie Mathilde Jeanne Julie ZĂ©naĂŻde Bonaparte (1870â1947)
- EugĂ©nie Laetitia Barbe Caroline Lucienne Marie Jeanne Bonaparte (1872â1949)
- Bathilde AloĂŻse LĂ©onie Bonaparte (1840â1861)
- Albertine Marie ThĂ©rĂšse Bonaparte (1842â1842)
- Charles Albert Edmond Bonaparte (1843â1847)
- Laetitia Christine Bonaparte (1804â1871)
- Joseph Lucien Bonaparte (1806â1807)
- Jeanne AdĂ©laĂŻde Bonaparte (1807â1829)
- Paul Marie Bonaparte (1808â1827)
- Louis Lucien Bonaparte (1813â1891)
- Pierre NapolĂ©on Bonaparte (1815â1881), married ĂlĂ©onore-Justine Ruflin
- Roland Bonaparte (1858â1924), married Marie-FĂ©lix Blanc
- Princess Marie Bonaparte (1882â1962), married Prince George of Greece
- Princess Jeanne Bonaparte (1861â1910)
- Roland Bonaparte (1858â1924), married Marie-FĂ©lix Blanc
- Antoine Lucien Bonaparte (1816â1877)
- Alexandrine Marie Bonaparte (1818â1874)
- Constance Marie Bonaparte (1823â1876)
- Charles Lucien Jules Laurent Bonaparte (1803â1857), ornithologist and politician, married Princess ZĂ©naĂŻde Bonaparte (1801â1854)
- 3 daughters with first wife, Christine Boyer:
- Maria-Anna Elisa Bonaparte (1777â1820), Grand-Duchess of Tuscany, married Felice Baciocchi, Prince of Lucca
- Marie-Laetitia Bonaparte Baciocchi
- Louis-NapolĂ©on Bonaparte (1778â1846), King of Holland, married Hortense de Beauharnais, Napoleon's stepdaughter
- NapolĂ©on Charles Bonaparte (1802â1807)
- NapolĂ©on Louis Bonaparte (1804â1831)
- Charles Louis NapolĂ©on (III) Bonaparte (1808â1873) Emperor of the French, married Maria Eugenia Ignacia Augustina Palafox de GuzmĂĄn Portocarrero y Kirkpatrick
- Maria Paola or Marie Pauline Bonaparte (1780â1825) Princess and Duchess of Guastalla, married in 1797 to French General Charles Leclerc and later married Camillo Borghese, 6th Prince of Sulmona.
- Maria Annunziata Caroline Bonaparte (1782â1839) married Joachim Murat, Marshal of the Empire, Grand Duke of Berg, then King of Naples
- Prince Achille Murat (1801â1847), married Catherine Willis Gray (1803â1867), great-grandniece of George Washington
- Prince NapolĂ©on Lucien Charles Murat (1803â1878), married Caroline Georgina Fraser (1810â1879)
- 5 Children, including:
- Joachim Joseph NapolĂ©on Murat, 4th Prince Murat (1834â1901), Major-General of the French Army, married firstly Malcy Louise Caroline Berthier de Wagram (1832â1884) and had issue, and secondly Lydia Hervey, without issue
- Prince Louis NapolĂ©on Murat (1851â1912), married in Odesa, Eudoxia Mikhailovna Somova (1850â1924), had issue now extinct in male line
- 5 Children, including:
- JĂ©rĂŽme-NapolĂ©on Bonaparte (1784â1860), King of Westphalia
- 1 child from first marriage, to Betsy Patterson of Baltimore:
- JĂ©rĂŽme NapolĂ©on Bonaparte (1805â1870), married Susan May Williams and had 2 sons:
- Jerome Napoleon Bonaparte II (1830â1893), married Caroline Le Roy Appleton Edgar
- Louise-EugĂ©nie Bonaparte (1873â1923), married in 1896 Count Adam Carl von Moltke-Huitfeld (1864â1944); numerous descendants
- Jerome NapolĂ©on Charles Bonaparte III (1878â1945), married Blanche Pierce Stenbeigh, no issue
- Charles Joseph Bonaparte (1851â1921), United States Secretary of the Navy and United States Attorney General, married Ellen Channing Day, no issue
- Jerome Napoleon Bonaparte II (1830â1893), married Caroline Le Roy Appleton Edgar
- JĂ©rĂŽme NapolĂ©on Bonaparte (1805â1870), married Susan May Williams and had 2 sons:
- 3 children from second marriage, to Princess Catharina of WĂŒrttemberg:
- JĂ©rĂŽme NapolĂ©on Charles Bonaparte I (1814â1847), unmarried and childless
- Mathilde Laetitia Wilhelmine Bonaparte (1820â1904), married Anatoly Nikolaievich Demidov, 1st Prince of San Donato: no issue
- NapolĂ©on Joseph Charles Paul Bonaparte, Prince NapolĂ©on (1822â1891), called Plon-Plon, married Princess Marie Clothilde of Savoy daughter of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy
- NapolĂ©on Victor JĂ©rĂŽme FrĂ©dĂ©ric Bonaparte, Prince NapolĂ©on (1862â1926), married Princess ClĂ©mentine of Belgium
- Marie Clotilde EugĂ©nie Alberte Laetitia GeneviĂšve Bonaparte (1912â1996), married Count Serge de Witt
- Louis JĂ©rĂŽme Victor Emmanuel LĂ©opold Marie Bonaparte, Prince NapolĂ©on (1914â1997), married Alix de Foresta
- Charles Marie JérÎme Victor Bonaparte, Prince Napoléon (born 1950)
- Two children from first marriage, to Princess BĂ©atrice of Bourbon-Two Sicilies:
- Caroline Marie Constance Bonaparte (Princess Caroline Napoléon) (born 1980)
- Jean-Christophe Louis Ferdinand Albéric Bonaparte, Prince Napoléon (born 1986), married Countess Olympia von und zu Arco-Zinneberg
- Louis Charles Riprand Victor JérÎme Marie Napoléon (born 2022)
- 1 child and 1 adopted child from second marriage, to Jeanne-Françoise Valliccioni:
- Sophie Catherine Bonaparte (born 1992)
- Anh Laëtitia Bonaparte (born 1998, adopted)
- Two children from first marriage, to Princess BĂ©atrice of Bourbon-Two Sicilies:
- Catherine Elisabeth Albérique Marie Bonaparte (born 1950)
- Laure Clémentine GeneviÚve Bonaparte (born 1952)
- JérÎme Xavier Marie Joseph Victor Bonaparte (Prince JérÎme Napoléon) (born 1957), married in 2013 with Licia Innocenti
- Charles Marie JérÎme Victor Bonaparte, Prince Napoléon (born 1950)
- NapolĂ©on Louis Joseph JĂ©rĂŽme Bonaparte (1864â1932) Russian general, unmarried and childless
- Marie Laetitia EugĂ©nie Catherine AdĂ©laĂŻde Bonaparte (1866â1926), married Prince Amedeo of Savoy, Duke of Aosta
- NapolĂ©on Victor JĂ©rĂŽme FrĂ©dĂ©ric Bonaparte, Prince NapolĂ©on (1862â1926), married Princess ClĂ©mentine of Belgium
- 1 child from first marriage, to Betsy Patterson of Baltimore:
Family tree of Bonaparteâ»
Male-line family treeâ»
- Charles Buonaparte, 1746â1785
- Joseph Bonaparte, King of Naples, then King of Spain, 1768â1844
- Napoleon Bonaparte, 1769â1821, Emperor of the French
- Napoleon II, 1811â1832, Prince Imperial, King of Rome
- Lucien Bonaparte, 1775â1840, Prince of Canino and Musignano
- Charles Lucien Bonaparte, 2nd Prince of Canino and Musignano, 1803â1857
- Joseph Lucien Bonaparte, 3rd Prince of Canino and Musignano, 1824â1865
- Lucien Bonaparte (cardinal), 4th Prince of Canino and Musignano, 1828â1895
- Napoleon Charles Bonaparte, 5th Prince of Canino and Musignano, 1839â1899
- Paul Mary Bonaparte, 1808â1827
- Louis Lucien Bonaparte, 1813â1891
- Peter NapolĂ©on Bonaparte, 1815â1881
- Roland Bonaparte, 1858â1924
- Anthony Lucien Bonaparte, 1816â1877
- Charles Lucien Bonaparte, 2nd Prince of Canino and Musignano, 1803â1857
- Louis Bonaparte, 1778â1846, King of Holland
- NapolĂ©on Louis Bonaparte, 1804â1831
- Napoleon III, 1808â1873, Emperor of the French
- Louis-NapolĂ©on, Prince Imperial, 1856â1879
- JĂ©rĂŽme Bonaparte, 1784â1860, King of Westphalia
- JĂ©rĂŽme NapolĂ©on Bonaparte, 1805â1870
- Jerome Napoleon Bonaparte II, 1830â1893
- Jerome NapolĂ©on Charles Bonaparte III, 1878â1945
- Charles Joseph Bonaparte, 1851â1921
- Jerome Napoleon Bonaparte II, 1830â1893
- JĂ©rĂŽme NapolĂ©on Charles Bonaparte I, 1814â1847
- Prince NapolĂ©on-JĂ©rĂŽme Bonaparte, 1822â1891
- Victor, Prince NapolĂ©on, 1862â1926
- Louis, Prince NapolĂ©on, 1914â1997
- Charles, Prince Napoléon, b. 1950
- Jean-Christophe, Prince Napoléon, b. 1986
- Louis Charles Napoléon, b. 2022
- Jean-Christophe, Prince Napoléon, b. 1986
- JĂ©rĂŽme Xavier, b. 1957
- Charles, Prince Napoléon, b. 1950
- Louis, Prince NapolĂ©on, 1914â1997
- Louis Bonaparte, 1864â1932
- Victor, Prince NapolĂ©on, 1862â1926
- JĂ©rĂŽme NapolĂ©on Bonaparte, 1805â1870
Bonaparte coat of armsâ»
The arms of the Bonaparte family were: Gules two bends sinister between two mullets or. In 1804, Napoleon I changed the arms to Azure an imperial eagle or. The change applied to all members of his family except for his brother Lucien and his nephew, the son from JĂ©rĂŽme's first marriage.
-
Arms of Charles-Maria Buonaparte
-
Arms of Napoleon I and Napoleon II, as Kings of Italy
-
Arms of Joseph Bonaparte, as King of Naples
-
Arms of Joseph Bonaparte, as King of Spain
-
Arms of Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland
-
Arms of JĂ©rĂŽme Bonaparte, King of Westphalia
DNA researchâ»
According to studies by G. Lucotte and his coauthors based on DNA research since 2011, Napoleon Bonaparte belonged to Y-DNA (direct male ancestry) haplogroup E1b1b1c1* (E-M34*). This 15000-year-old haplogroup has its highest concentration in Ethiopia and in the Near East (Jordan, Yemen). According to the authors of the study, "Probably Napoléon also knew his remote oriental patrilineal origins, because Francesco Buonaparte (the Giovanni son), who was a mercenary under the orders of the Genoa Republic in Ajaccio in 1490, was nicknamed The Maure of Sarzane." The latest study identifies the common Bonaparte DNA markers from Carlo (Charles) Bonaparte to 3 living descendants.
Lucotte et al. published in October 2013 the extended Y-STR of Napoleon I based on descendant testing, and the descendants were E-M34, just like the emperor's beard hair tested a year before. The persons tested were the patrilineal descendants of JĂ©rome Bonaparte, one of Napoleon's brothers, and of Alexandre Colonna-Walewski, Napoleon's illegitimate son with Marie Walewska. These three tests all yielded the same Y-STR haplotype (109 markers) confirming with 100% certainty that the first Emperor of the French belonged to the M34 branch of haplogroup E1b1b.
STR strongly suggests that the Bonaparte belong to the Y58897 branch, which means that the ancestor 3000 years ago. Or a bit more lived in Anatolia, but all relatives in the database with a common ancestor with over a 1000 years are found in their own the Massa - La Spezia small area in Italy. There are at the moment no relatives in the database older than that, which means they are very rare in Europe.
Living membersâ»
Charles, Prince Napoléon (born 1950, great-great-grandson of JérÎme Bonaparte by his second marriage), and his son Jean-Christophe, Prince Napoléon (born 1986 and appointed heir in the will of his grandfather Louis, Prince Napoléon) currently dispute the headship of the Bonaparte family. The only other male members of the family are Charles's recently married (2013) brother, Prince JérÎme Napoléon (born 1957) and Jean-Christophe's son, Prince Louis Napoléon (born 2022). There are no other legitimate descendants in the male line from Napoleon I or from his brothers.
There are, however, numerous descendants of Napoleon's illegitimate, unacknowledged son, Count Alexandre Colonna-Walewski (1810â1868), born from Napoleon I's union with Marie, Countess Walewski. A descendant of Napoleon's sister Caroline Bonaparte was actor RenĂ© Auberjonois. Recent DNA-matches with living descendants of JĂ©rĂŽme and Count Walewski have confirmed the existence of descendants of Lucien Bonaparte, Napoleon's brother, namely the Clovis family.
-
Napoleon II - Napoleon I's only legitimate child
-
Charles, Count LĂ©on (1806â1881), son of Napoleon I
-
Count Alexandre Colonna-Walewski, Napoleon I's unacknowledged son
-
JĂ©rĂŽme Bonaparte, founder of the surviving legitimate Bonapartist line of succession
See alsoâ»
Footnotesâ»
- ^ Julie was sister of Napoleon's childhood sweetheart, Désirée, who was to become the wife of General Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte (later Charles XIV, King of Sweden).
Referencesâ»
- ^ Raymond Horricks (1995). Napoleon's Elites. Transaction Publishers. p. 11. ISBN 9781412829281.
- ^ Frédéric T. Briffault (1846). The Prisoner of Ham: Authentic Details of the Captivity and Escape of Prince Napoleon Louis. T.C. Newby. p. 344.
carlo maria buonaparte nobility 1771.
- ^ Jacopo Bonaparte: Sac de Rome. Ăcrit EN 1527 par Jacques Bonaparte. TĂ©moin oculaire, hrsgg. by Bonaparte, NapolĂ©on Louis, Florenz 1850
- ^ Drake, Joshua F. (October 2005). "The partbooks of a Florentine ex-patriate: new light on Florence, Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale Ms. Magl. XIX 164â7". Early Music. 33 (4): 639â646. doi:10.1093/em/cah154. S2CID 191585911.
- ^ Burke, Sir Bernard (1869). Vicissitudes of Families. London: Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dye.
- ^ Lucotte, Gerard; Thomasset, Thierry; Hrechdakian, Peter (2011). "Haplogroup of the Y Chromosome of Napoléon the First". Journal of Molecular Biology Research. 1 (1). doi:10.5539/jmbr.v1n1p12.
- ^ Lucotte, Gerard; Hrechdakian, Peter (2015). "New Advances Reconstructing the Y Chromosome Haplotype of Napoleon the First Based on Three of his Living Descendants". Journal of Molecular Biology Research. 5 (1): 1. doi:10.5539/jmbr.v5n1p1.
- ^ "ĐĐ·ĐČĐ”ŃŃĐœŃĐ” ĐżŃДЎŃŃĐ°ĐČĐžŃДлО ĐłĐ°ĐżĐ»ĐŸĐłŃŃĐżĐżŃ R1b".
- ^ "E-Y58897 YTree".
- ^ "The Napoleon DNA project".
- ^ Herbert, Susannah (12 March 1997). "Father and son in battle for the Napoléonic succession". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 5 September 2003. Retrieved 4 June 2007.
External linksâ»
Media related to House of Bonaparte at Wikimedia Commons
- (in Italian) The coat of arms of the Tuscan branch of Bonaparte family in State Archives of Florence
- Rose, John Holland (1911). "Bonaparte" . EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). pp. 192â197.
House of Bonaparte
| ||
Vacant Title last held by House of Bourbon as King of France |
Ruling House of the French Empire 1804â1814 |
Succeeded byas King of France |
Vacant Title last held by House of Orléans as King of the French |
Ruling House of the French Empire 1852â1870 |
Empire Abolished Third French Republic Declared |
Preceded byas Nominal King of Italy | Ruling House of the Kingdom of Italy 1805â1814 |
Succeeded byas King of LombardyâVenetia |
Preceded byas Kings of Spain and Naples | Ruling House of the Kingdom of Naples 1806â1808 |
Succeeded by |
Ruling House of the Kingdom of Spain 1808â1813 |
Succeeded by | |
Preceded by New Creation
Succeeded the Batavian Republic |
Ruling House of the Kingdom of Holland 1806â1810 |
Kingdom Abolished Part of the French Empire Kingdom of the Netherlands created in 1815 |
Preceded by | Ruling House of the Kingdom of Westphalia 1807â1813 |
Kingdom Abolished Dissolved after Battle of Leipzig Status quo of 1806 restored |