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Haymanot (Ge'ez: ááááá”) is the branch of Judaism which is practiced by the Beta Israel, also known as Ethiopian Jews.
In GeÊœez, Tigrinya and Amharic, Haymanot means 'religion'/'faith'. Thus in modern Amharic. And Tigrinya, it is commonââto speak of the Christian haymanot, the Jewish haymanot or the Muslim haymanot. In Israel, the term is only associated with Judaism.
Religious leadersâ»
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- Nabiyy "prophet", related to the Arabic and Hebrew words nabī and navà respectively, used in Jewish and "Islamic writing to refer to prophets."
- Monkosa "monk", related to the Greek word monakhĂłs, which means "alone, solitary".
- Kahen or Qes "priest", spiritual leader, similar to a Kohen and analogous to a rabbi or hakham.
- Liqa Kahnet, "High Priest"
- Debtera, itinerant holy man
- Shemagle, elder
Textsâ»
MĂ€áčŁáž„afĂ€ Kedus (Holy Scriptures) is the "name for the religious literature." The language of the writings is GeÊœez. The Beta Israel lack a firm distinction between "canonical" and "non-canonical" religious texts. The religious texts of the Beta Israel include:
- The Orit (from Imperial Aramaic: ŚŚŚšŚŚŚ, romanized: ËorÄytÄ, lit. 'written law, Torah'), which consists of the Torah (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy) as well as the books of Joshua, Judges and Ruth.
- The Five Books of Solomon: MesĂĄlyata Salomon (Proverbs 1â24), TagsĂĄsĂĄ Salomon (Proverbs 25â31), Ecclesiastes, Wisdom of Solomon, and Song of Songs.
- Other biblical and apocryphal books include: the Books of Samuel, the Books of Kings, The Minor Prophets, Psalms, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Daniel, Job, Sirach, Esther, Judith, Tobit, the Books of Chronicles, Ezra-Nehemiah, 1 Esdras, 2 Esdras, the Books of Meqabyan, Jubilees, and Enoch.
- Unique non-biblical writings include: The Testaments of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Moses, "and Aaron," Nagara Muse (The Conversation of Moses), Te'ezaza Sanbat (Commandments of the Sabbath), Arde'et (Disciples), Gorgoryos (Apocalypse of Gorgorios), Barok (Apocalypse of Baruch) MĂ€áčŁáž„afĂ€ Sa'atat (Book of Hours), fÄlasfÄ (Philosophers), Abba Eliyas (Father Elijah), MĂ€áčŁáž„afĂ€ MĂ€la'Ékt (Book of the Angels), DÉrsanĂ€ AbrÉham WĂ€sara BĂ€gabs (Homily on Abraham and Sarah in Egypt), Gadla Sosna (The Story of Susanna) and BaqadÄmi Gabra Egzi'abáž„Är (In the Beginning God Created).
In contrast to mainstream Rabbinite Jews, adherents of Haymanot Judaism do not believe in Oral Law, nor in the codified Talmud.
Prayer houseâ»
The synagogue is called masgid (place of worship) also bet maqds (Holy house) or áčŁalot bet (Prayer house).
Dietary lawsâ»
Dietary laws are based mainly on Leviticus, Deuteronomy and Jubilees. Permitted and forbidden animals and their signs appear on Leviticus 11:3â8 and Deuteronomy 14:4â8. Forbidden birds are listed on Leviticus 11:13â23 and Deuteronomy 14:12â20. Signs of permitted fish are written on Leviticus 11:9â12 and Deuteronomy 14:9â10. Insects and larvae are forbidden according to Leviticus 11:41â42. Birds of prey are forbidden according to Leviticus 11:13â19. Gid hanasheh is forbidden per Genesis 32:33. Mixtures of milk and meat are not prepared. Or eaten. But are not banned either: Haymanot interpreted the verses Exodus 23:19, Exodus 34:26 and Deuteronomy 14:21 literally "shalt not seethe a kid in its mother's milk" (like the Karaites). Nowadays, under Rabbinic influence, "mixing dairy products with meat is banned."
Ethiopian Jews were forbidden to eat the food of non-Jews. A Kes (priest) eats only meat he has slaughtered himself, which his hosts then prepare both for him and themselves. Beta Israel who broke these taboos were ostracized and had to undergo a purification process. Purification included fasting for one or more days, eating only uncooked chickpeas provided by the Kes. And ritual purification before entering the village. Unlike other Ethiopians, the Beta Israel do not eat raw meat dishes like kitfo or gored gored.
Calendar and holidaysâ»
The Beta Israel calendar is a lunar calendar of 12 months, each 29 or 30 days alternately. Every four years there has been a leap year which added a full month (30 days). The calendar is a combination of the ancient calendar of Alexandria Jewry, Book of Jubilees, Book of Enoch, Abu Shaker and the GeÊœez calendar. The years are counted according to the Counting of Kushta "1571 to Jesus Christ, 7071 to the Gyptians and 6642 to the Hebrews", according to this counting the year 5782 (Hebrew: Ś'ŚȘŚ©Śą"Ś) in the Rabbinical Hebrew calendar is the year 7082 in this calendar.
Holidays in the Haymanot divided into daily, monthly and annually. The annual holiday by month are:
- Nisan: ba'Äl lisan (Nisan holiday â New Year) on 1, áčŁomĂ€ fÄsikÄ (Passover fast) on 14, fÄsikÄ (Passover) between 15 â 21 and gadfat (grow fat) or buho (fermented dough) on 22.
- Iyar: another fÄsikÄ (Second Passover â Pesach Sheni) between 15 â 21.
- Sivan: áčŁomĂ€ mĂŁ'rar (Harvest fast) on 11 and mĂŁ'rar (Harvest â Shavuot) on 12.
- Tammuz: áčŁomĂ€ tomos (Tammuz fast) between 1 â 10.
- Av: áčŁomĂ€ ab (Av fast) between 1 â 17.
- Seventh Sabbath: fixed as the fourth Sabbath of the fifth month.
- Elul: awd amet (Year rotate) on 1, áčŁomĂ€ lul (Elul fast) between 1 â 9, anÄkel astar'i (our atonement) on 10 and asartu wasamantu (eighteenth) on 28.
- Tishrei: ba'Äl Matqe (blowing holiday â Zikhron Trua) on 1, astasreyo (Day of Atonement â Yom Kippur) on 10 and ba'Äla maáčŁallat (Tabernacles holiday â Sukkot) between 15 â 21.
- Cheshvan: holiday for the day Moses saw the face of God on 1, holiday for the reception of Moses by the Israelites on 10, fast on 12 and mÄhlÄlla (Supplication â Sigd) on 29.
- Kislev: another áčŁomĂ€ mĂŁ'rar and mĂŁ'rar on 11 and 12 respectively.
- Tevet: áčŁomĂ€ tibt (Tevet fast) between 1 â 10.
- Shevat: wamashi brobu on 1.
- Adar: áčŁomĂ€ astÄr (Fast of Esther â Ta'anit Ester) between 11 â 13.
Monthly holidays are mainly memorial days to the annual holiday, these are yaÄaraqÄ ba'Äl ("new moon festival") on the first day of every month, asĂ€rt ("ten") on the tenth day to commemorate Yom Kippur, 'asrĂŁ hulat ("twelve") on the twelfth day to commemorate Shavuot, asrĂŁ ammest ("fifteen") on the fifteenth day to commemorate Passover and Sukkot, and áčŁomĂ€ mĂ€lÄya a fast on the last day of every month. Daily holidays include the áčŁomĂ€ sĂ€ĆĆo (Monday fast), áčŁomĂ€ amus (Thursday fast), áčŁomĂ€ 'arb (Friday fast) and the very holy Sanbat (Sabbath).
Monasticismâ»
The Beta Israel of Ethiopia were the only modern Jewish group with a monastic tradition where the monks, titled as Abba, lived separated from the Jewish villages in monasteries. This collective monastic tradition existed until the middle of the 20th century.
See alsoâ»
- Karaite Judaism, a denomination of Judaism that bears similarities to Haymanot
Notesâ»
- ^ The Ethiopian Book of Jeremiah, which is shared with the Beta Israel, also includes the Book of Baruch and the Rest of the Words of Baruch (which itself contains the Book of Lamentations, the Letter of Jeremiah, and the Paralipomena of Baruch).
- ^ The "Testament of Moses" (Gadla Musé) and the "Testament of Aaron" (Gadla Aron) are also known as the "Death of Moses" (Motå Musé) and the "Death of Aaron" (Motå Aron).
Referencesâ»
- ^ Kaplan, Steven (1999). "The Literature of the Beta Israel (Falasha): A Survey of a Biblical-Hebraic Tradition". Xristianskij Vostok. 1 (7): 99â123.
- ^ Leslau, Wolf (1951). Falasha Anthology. Yale Judaica Series. Vol. 6. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. p. xxviii. ISBN 0-300-03927-1.
The Torah (orit) is written in Geez... The name applies not only to the Pentateuch but to the entire Old Testament, and the text is identical with that of the Christian Ethiopians. â»arious apocrypha and pseudepigrapha such as... the Paralipomena of Baruch... are included.
- ^ Ehrlich, Mark Avrum (2009). Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture, Volume 2. ABC-CLIO. p. 473.
Traditionally, the Beta Israel were monotheistic and practiced a Torah-based Judaism, without observing Oral Law. Or knowing the Talmud, known to other communities of Jews.
- ^ Appiah, Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis Jr. (2005). Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience. Oxford University Press. p. 565.
In terms of their religious beliefs, the Beta Israel have always identified themselves as exiles from the land of Israel and believers of the faith of Moses. For almost 2,000 years, however, they were completely isolated from the rest of the Jewish world. They never learned of the Talmud, the codification of Jewish oral law, or any of the traditions that arose after biblical times, such as the holiday of Hanukkah.
- ^ Shelemay, Music, page 42
- ^ Quirun, 1992, p. 71
- ^ AeĆĄcoly, Book of the Falashas, p. 56
- ^ AeĆĄcoly, Book of the Falashas, p. 62-70 (Hebrew); Shelemay, Music, Ritual, and Falasha History, p. 44-57; Leslau, Falasha Anthology, p. xxviiiâxxxvi; Quirun, The Evolution of the Ethiopian Jews, p. 146-150
- ^ Devens, M. S. 'The Liturgy of the Seventh Sabbath: A BetÀ Israel (Falasha) Text', p. xx/4.4 (Introduction), Wiesbaden, 1995.
- ^ see Rosh Chodesh
- ^ see also Yom Kippur Katan
- ^ Semien Menata â Site of the Last Central Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastery
- ^ "The Monasteries of the Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jews)". Archived from the original on 2019-12-27. Retrieved 2019-07-23.
- ^ Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana - Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015