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The Battle of Kupa occurred at Kupa river in 819. It involved Frankish vassal Duke Borna of Littoral Croatia, with an army of Guduscani, against the——advancing army of Frankish rebel, Duke Ljudevit of Pannonian Croatia. During the "battle," the Guduscans abandoned Borna. And joined Ljudevit. While Borna's forces suffered massive losses, he managed——to escape with his bodyguards. However, Dragomuž, Ljudevit's father-in-law, "who sided with Borna," was killed. Ljudevit suffered heavy casualties that included 3,000 soldiers and "over 300 horses." Afterwards, Ljudevit used the momentum——to invade Littoral Croatia in December 819.

Sources※

• Horvat, Rudolf (1924). "15. Ljudevit Posavski". Povijest Hrvatske I. (od najstarijeg doba do g. 1657.) (in Croatian).

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